Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1988 Oct;85(19):7211–7215. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7211

Structural analysis of complementary DNA and amino acid sequences of human and rat androgen receptors.

C S Chang 1, J Kokontis 1, S T Liao 1
PMCID: PMC282154  PMID: 3174628

Abstract

Structural analysis of cDNAs for human and rat androgen receptors (ARs) indicates that the amino-terminal regions of ARs are rich in oligo- and poly(amino acid) motifs as in some homeotic genes. The human AR has a long stretch of repeated glycines, whereas rat AR has a long stretch of glutamines. There is a considerable sequence similarity among ARs and the receptors for glucocorticoids, progestins, and mineralocorticoids within the steroid-binding domains. The cysteine-rich DNA-binding domains are well conserved. Translation of mRNA transcribed from AR cDNAs yielded 94- and 76-kDa proteins and smaller forms that bind to DNA and have high affinity toward androgens. These rat or human ARs were recognized by human autoantibodies to natural ARs. Molecular hybridization studies, using AR cDNAs as probes, indicated that the ventral prostate and other male accessory organs are rich in AR mRNA and that the production of AR mRNA in the target organs may be autoregulated by androgens.

Full text

PDF
7211

Images in this article

7213Image
on p.7213
7214Image
on p.7214

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adler S., Waterman M. L., He X., Rosenfeld M. G. Steroid receptor-mediated inhibition of rat prolactin gene expression does not require the receptor DNA-binding domain. Cell. 1988 Mar 11;52(5):685–695. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90406-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson K. M., Liao S. Selective retention of dihydrotestosterone by prostatic nuclei. Nature. 1968 Jul 20;219(5151):277–279. doi: 10.1038/219277a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arriza J. L., Weinberger C., Cerelli G., Glaser T. M., Handelin B. L., Housman D. E., Evans R. M. Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science. 1987 Jul 17;237(4812):268–275. doi: 10.1126/science.3037703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bardin C. W., Bullock L. P., Sherins R. J., Mowszowicz I., Blackburn W. R. Androgen metabolism and mechanism of action in male pseudohermaphroditism: a study of testicular feminization. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1973;29:65–109. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571129-6.50006-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Beachy P. A., Helfand S. L., Hogness D. S. Segmental distribution of bithorax complex proteins during Drosophila development. Nature. 1985 Feb 14;313(6003):545–551. doi: 10.1038/313545a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bruchovsky N., Wilson J. D. The conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol-3-one by rat prostate in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1968 Apr 25;243(8):2012–2021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chang C. S., Kokontis J., Liao S. T. Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors. Science. 1988 Apr 15;240(4850):324–326. doi: 10.1126/science.3353726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chang C. S., Saltzman A. G., Sorensen N. S., Hiipakka R. A., Liao S. S. Identification of glutathione S-transferase Yb1 mRNA as the androgen-repressed mRNA by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 5;262(25):11901–11903. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Evans R. M., Hollenberg S. M. Zinc fingers: gilt by association. Cell. 1988 Jan 15;52(1):1–3. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90522-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Giguere V., Ong E. S., Segui P., Evans R. M. Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Nature. 1987 Dec 17;330(6149):624–629. doi: 10.1038/330624a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gorski J., Gannon F. Current models of steroid hormone action: a critique. Annu Rev Physiol. 1976;38:425–450. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.002233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Green S., Walter P., Kumar V., Krust A., Bornert J. M., Argos P., Chambon P. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature. 1986 Mar 13;320(6058):134–139. doi: 10.1038/320134a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Greene G. L., Gilna P., Waterfield M., Baker A., Hort Y., Shine J. Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1150–1154. doi: 10.1126/science.3753802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hollenberg S. M., Weinberger C., Ong E. S., Cerelli G., Oro A., Lebo R., Thompson E. B., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature. 1985 Dec 19;318(6047):635–641. doi: 10.1038/318635a0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Jensen E. V., Suzuki T., Kawashima T., Stumpf W. E., Jungblut P. W., DeSombre E. R. A two-step mechanism for the interaction of estradiol with rat uterus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Feb;59(2):632–638. doi: 10.1073/pnas.59.2.632. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Liao S. Cellular receptors and mechanisms of action of steroid hormones. Int Rev Cytol. 1975;41:87–172. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60967-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Liao S., Tymoczko J. L., Castañeda E., Liang T. Androgen receptors and androgen-dependent initiation of protein synthesis in the prostate. Vitam Horm. 1975;33:297–317. doi: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60962-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Liao S., Witte D. Autoimmune anti-androgen-receptor antibodies in human serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8345–8348. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Liao S., Witte D., Schilling K., Chang C. The use of a hydroxylapatite-filter steroid receptor assay method in the study of the modulation of androgen receptor interaction. J Steroid Biochem. 1984 Jan;20(1):11–17. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(84)90182-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lubahn D. B., Joseph D. R., Sullivan P. M., Willard H. F., French F. S., Wilson E. M. Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome. Science. 1988 Apr 15;240(4850):327–330. doi: 10.1126/science.3353727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. McDonnell D. P., Mangelsdorf D. J., Pike J. W., Haussler M. R., O'Malley B. W. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D. Science. 1987 Mar 6;235(4793):1214–1217. doi: 10.1126/science.3029866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. McGinnis W., Garber R. L., Wirz J., Kuroiwa A., Gehring W. J. A homologous protein-coding sequence in Drosophila homeotic genes and its conservation in other metazoans. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):403–408. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90370-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Miesfeld R., Rusconi S., Godowski P. J., Maler B. A., Okret S., Wikström A. C., Gustafsson J. A., Yamamoto K. R. Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA. Cell. 1986 Aug 1;46(3):389–399. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90659-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Misrahi M., Atger M., d'Auriol L., Loosfelt H., Meriel C., Fridlansky F., Guiochon-Mantel A., Galibert F., Milgrom E. Complete amino acid sequence of the human progesterone receptor deduced from cloned cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Mar 13;143(2):740–748. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91416-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Petkovich M., Brand N. J., Krust A., Chambon P. A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature. 1987 Dec 3;330(6147):444–450. doi: 10.1038/330444a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Pratt W. B., Jolly D. J., Pratt D. V., Hollenberg S. M., Giguere V., Cadepond F. M., Schweizer-Groyer G., Catelli M. G., Evans R. M., Baulieu E. E. A region in the steroid binding domain determines formation of the non-DNA-binding, 9 S glucocorticoid receptor complex. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 5;263(1):267–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rossini G. P., Liao S. Intracellular inactivation, reactivation and dynamic status of prostate androgen receptors. Biochem J. 1982 Nov 15;208(2):383–392. doi: 10.1042/bj2080383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Scott M. P., Carroll S. B. The segmentation and homeotic gene network in early Drosophila development. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):689–698. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90092-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Weinberger C., Thompson C. C., Ong E. S., Lebo R., Gruol D. J., Evans R. M. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):641–646. doi: 10.1038/324641a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Yamamoto K. R. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:209–252. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES