Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1988 Dec;85(23):8855–8859. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.8855

Signal transduction from membrane to cytoplasm: growth factors and membrane-bound oncogene products increase Raf-1 phosphorylation and associated protein kinase activity.

D K Morrison 1, D R Kaplan 1, U Rapp 1, T M Roberts 1
PMCID: PMC282605  PMID: 3057494

Abstract

We have examined the phosphorylation and the serine/threonine-specific kinase activity of the protooncogene product Raf-1 (formerly c-raf) in response to oncogenic transformation or growth-factor treatment of mouse 3T3 cells. Expression of the membrane-bound oncogene products encoded by v-fms, v-src, v-sis, polyoma virus middle-sized tumor antigen, and Ha-ras increased the apparent molecular weight and phosphorylation of the Raf-1 protein, while expression of the nuclear oncogene and protooncogene products encoded by v-fos and c-myc did not. Changes in electrophoretic mobility and phosphorylation occurred rapidly in response to treatment of cells with platelet-derived growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not insulin. The phosphorylation of the Raf-1 protein occurred primarily on serine and threonine residues. However, a subpopulation of Raf-1 molecules was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in cells transformed by v-src or stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor. Transformation by v-src, or treatment with platelet-derived growth factor or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, activated the Raf-1-associated serine/kinase activity as measured in immune-complex kinase assays. These findings suggest that proliferative signals generated at the membrane result in the phosphorylation of the Raf-1 protein and the activation of its serine/threonine kinase activity. Raf-1 activation may thus serve to transduce signals from the membrane to the cytoplasm and perhaps on to the nucleus.

Full text

PDF
8855

Images in this article

8856Image
on p.8856
8856Image
on p.8856
8856Image
on p.8856
8856Image
on p.8856
8856Image
on p.8856
8857Image
on p.8857
8858Image
on p.8858
8858Image
on p.8858
8858Image
on p.8858
8858Image
on p.8858

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Armelin H. A., Armelin M. C., Kelly K., Stewart T., Leder P., Cochran B. H., Stiles C. D. Functional role for c-myc in mitogenic response to platelet-derived growth factor. Nature. 1984 Aug 23;310(5979):655–660. doi: 10.1038/310655a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ashendel C. L. The phorbol ester receptor: a phospholipid-regulated protein kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Sep 9;822(2):219–242. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(85)90009-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Beck T. W., Huleihel M., Gunnell M., Bonner T. I., Rapp U. R. The complete coding sequence of the human A-raf-1 oncogene and transforming activity of a human A-raf carrying retrovirus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jan 26;15(2):595–609. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.2.595. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blenis J., Kuo C. J., Erikson R. L. Identification of a ribosomal protein S6 kinase regulated by transformation and growth-promoting stimuli. J Biol Chem. 1987 Oct 25;262(30):14373–14376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bonner T. I., Kerby S. B., Sutrave P., Gunnell M. A., Mark G., Rapp U. R. Structure and biological activity of human homologs of the raf/mil oncogene. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;5(6):1400–1407. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.6.1400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bonner T. I., Oppermann H., Seeburg P., Kerby S. B., Gunnell M. A., Young A. C., Rapp U. R. The complete coding sequence of the human raf oncogene and the corresponding structure of the c-raf-1 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jan 24;14(2):1009–1015. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.2.1009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cherington V., Morgan B., Spiegelman B. M., Roberts T. M. Recombinant retroviruses that transduce individual polyoma tumor antigens: effects on growth and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(12):4307–4311. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4307. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cleveland J. L., Jansen H. W., Bister K., Fredrickson T. N., Morse H. C., 3rd, Ihle J. N., Rapp U. R. Interaction between Raf and Myc oncogenes in transformation in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Biochem. 1986;30(3):195–218. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240300303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cooper J. A., King C. S. Dephosphorylation or antibody binding to the carboxy terminus stimulates pp60c-src. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4467–4477. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Curran T., Peters G., Van Beveren C., Teich N. M., Verma I. M. FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus: identification and molecular cloning of biologically active proviral DNA. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):674–682. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.674-682.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hunter T., Sefton B. M. Transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Mar;77(3):1311–1315. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kaplan D. R., Whitman M., Schaffhausen B., Pallas D. C., White M., Cantley L., Roberts T. M. Common elements in growth factor stimulation and oncogenic transformation: 85 kd phosphoprotein and phosphatidylinositol kinase activity. Cell. 1987 Sep 25;50(7):1021–1029. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90168-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kaplan D. R., Whitman M., Schaffhausen B., Raptis L., Garcea R. L., Pallas D., Roberts T. M., Cantley L. Phosphatidylinositol metabolism and polyoma-mediated transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(11):3624–3628. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.11.3624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Moelling K., Heimann B., Beimling P., Rapp U. R., Sander T. Serine- and threonine-specific protein kinase activities of purified gag-mil and gag-raf proteins. Nature. 1984 Dec 6;312(5994):558–561. doi: 10.1038/312558a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Morrison D. K., Browning P. J., White M. F., Roberts T. M. Tyrosine phosphorylations in vivo associated with v-fms transformation. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):176–185. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Pallas D., Solomon F. Cytoplasmic microtubule-associated proteins: phosphorylation at novel sites is correlated with their incorporation into assembled microtubules. Cell. 1982 Sep;30(2):407–414. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90238-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Piwnica-Worms H., Saunders K. B., Roberts T. M., Smith A. E., Cheng S. H. Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the biochemical and biological properties of pp60c-src. Cell. 1987 Apr 10;49(1):75–82. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90757-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Rapp U. R., Goldsborough M. D., Mark G. E., Bonner T. I., Groffen J., Reynolds F. H., Jr, Stephenson J. R. Structure and biological activity of v-raf, a unique oncogene transduced by a retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jul;80(14):4218–4222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.14.4218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Rodriguez-Pena A., Rozengurt E. Disappearance of Ca2+-sensitive, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity in phorbol ester-treated 3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 May 16;120(3):1053–1059. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80213-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Rozengurt E. Early signals in the mitogenic response. Science. 1986 Oct 10;234(4773):161–166. doi: 10.1126/science.3018928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Schultz A. M., Copeland T. D., Mark G. E., Rapp U. R., Oroszlan S. Detection of the myristylated gag-raf transforming protein with raf-specific antipeptide sera. Virology. 1985 Oct 15;146(1):78–89. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90054-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Smith M. R., DeGudicibus S. J., Stacey D. W. Requirement for c-ras proteins during viral oncogene transformation. Nature. 1986 Apr 10;320(6062):540–543. doi: 10.1038/320540a0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Stiles C. D., Capone G. T., Scher C. D., Antoniades H. N., Van Wyk J. J., Pledger W. J. Dual control of cell growth by somatomedins and platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Mar;76(3):1279–1283. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. White M. F., Maron R., Kahn C. R. Insulin rapidly stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a Mr-185,000 protein in intact cells. Nature. 1985 Nov 14;318(6042):183–186. doi: 10.1038/318183a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES