Table 5.
Education Gradient in HIV With Alternate Measures
| HIV-Positive | Burkina Faso | Cameroon | Ghana | Kenya | Tanzania |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Completed Educational Levels (ref. = no education) | |||||
| Primary education | −0.0084 (0.0063) | 0.0109 (0.0063) | 0.0032 (0.0043) | 0.0037 (0.0083) | 0.0060 (0.0060) |
| Secondary education | 0.0007 (0.0198) | 0.0106 (0.0222) | −0.0083 (0.0060) | −0.0166 (0.0121) | −0.0555* (0.0241) |
| Higher education | 0.0289 (0.0482) | −0.0483* (0.0241) | −0.0079 (0.0083) | −0.0215 (0.0154) | −0.0697* (0.0247) |
| Rural | −0.0207* (0.0066) | −0.0236* (0.0066) | −0.0037 (0.0041) | −0.0506* (0.0139) | −0.0597* (0.0092) |
| Age (ref. = 15–19) | |||||
| 20–24 | 0.0043 (0.0047) | 0.0381* (0.0060) | 0.0088* (0.0034) | 0.0453* (0.0087) | 0.0304* (0.0069) |
| 25–29 | 0.0173* (0.0065) | 0.0685* (0.0076) | 0.0215* (0.0044) | 0.0905* (0.0124) | 0.0625* (0.0085) |
| 30–34 | 0.0208* (0.0077) | 0.0785* (0.0090) | 0.0337* (0.0060) | 0.0827* (0.0125) | 0.0900* (0.0101) |
| 35–39 | 0.0247* (0.0080) | 0.0682* (0.0096) | 0.0377* (0.0068) | 0.0896* (0.0139) | 0.0895* (0.0109) |
| 40–44 | 0.0057 (0.0052) | 0.0498* (0.0089) | 0.0319* (0.0075) | 0.0806* (0.0143) | 0.0937* (0.0128) |
| 45–49 | 0.0062 (0.0057) | 0.0394* (0.0090) | 0.0202* (0.0056) | 0.0337* (0.0127) | 0.0478* (0.0105) |
| Female | −0.0011 (0.0036) | 0.0272* (0.0047) | 0.0106* (0.0030) | 0.0369* (0.0065) | 0.0129* (0.0055) |
| Constant | 0.0143 (0.0081) | 0.0219* (0.0111) | −0.0068 (0.0066) | −0.0409* (0.0127) | 0.0201 (0.0126) |
| F Statistic | 0.69 | 4.16 | 2.02 | 2.12 | 33.97 |
| p Value | .56 | .01 | .11 | .10 | .00 |
| Number of Observations | 7,143 | 9,751 | 9,146 | 5,994 | 10,743 |
Source: DHS for Burkina Faso (2003), Cameroon (2004), Ghana (2003), Kenya (2003), and Tanzania (2003).
Notes: All regressions are weighted least squares regressions, weighted using provided HIV sample weights with clustering on the household. All regressions include region fixed effects, though the coefficients are not reported. The dependent variable is an indicator for whether the respondent is HIV-positive. The sample includes women and men ages 15–49 who were tested for HIV. The F statistic tests the joint significance of primary education, secondary education, and higher education. These education variables are indicators for whether the respondent completed each level of schooling; for example, respondents who completed secondary school are coded as having completed both primary and secondary school. Rural is an indicator for whether the respondent currently lives in a rural area. Huber-White standard errors are in parentheses.
p < .05