Abstract
Introduction
The aim of the study is to evaluate the incidence and phenotype-genotype characteristics of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes in Latvia in order to develop the basis of clinical management for patients and their relatives affected by this syndrome.
Materials and methods
In 2002-2004 in two Latvian oncology hospitals (Liepãja Oncology Hospital and Daugavpils Oncology Hospital) cancer family histories were collected from 287 consecutive patients with breast and ovarian cancer. In all cases, when it was possible to obtain the blood sample, DNA testing for founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene was performed.
Results
Among 287 family cancer histories analysed in 8 (2.8%) cases criteria of hereditary breast cancer (HBC) were fulfilled and in 5 (1.7%) cases hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) was diagnosed. In 50 (17.4%) cases we have suspicion of hereditary breast cancer (HBC susp.) and in 8 (2.8%) cases - suspicion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC susp.). We have one (0.3%) case with hereditary ovarian cancer (HOC). DNA testing of founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene (exon 20 (5382 insC) exon 5 (300T/G), exon 11, 17 (4153delA)) for 178/287 (62%) patients was performed. In 9/287 (4.9%) cases we found a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. 4 mutations were detected in exon 11, 17 (4153delA) and 4 mutations in exon 20 (5382 insC) and 1 in exon 5.
Conclusions
Existing pedigree/clinical data suggest that in Latvia the clinical frequency of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer is around 5% of consecutive breast and ovarian cancer patients and suspicion of the syndrome is observed in another 20% of cases. Frequency of BRCA1 founder mutations is 5% of all consecutive breast and ovarian cancers. Considerable geographical differences in the clinical and molecular frequency of hereditary breast ovarian cancer have been observed in Latvia.
Keywords: hereditary, breast/ovarian cancer
Introduction
The annual worldwide incidence of breast cancer is approximately 1,151,300 cases and its worldwide mortality incidence is approximately 410,700 cases [globocan].
The breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women in Latvia. There are approximately 900 new breast cancer cases diagnosed every year in Latvia and there were 916 new cases detected in 2003. Breast cancer mortality in Latvia was 421 cases in 2002 [Cancer Patient Registry of Latvia, 2004]. Only 65.5% have been diagnosed in stage I and II. Another 34.5% of cases have been diagnosed in stage III and IV, in which treatment is complicated, expensive and results are very often unsatisfactory. 5-year survival rate for breast cancer in Latvia for stage I disease is 94%, stage II - 78.9%, stage III - 45.4%, stage IV - 6.1%. Overall 5-year survival rate is 63.2% [Cancer Patient Registry of Latvia, 2004].
The annual worldwide incidence of ovarian cancer is approximately 204,500 cases and its worldwide mortality incidence is approximately 124,860 cases.
According to the data of the Latvian register of cancer patients in 2003 there were 290 ovarian cancer cases detected. Ovarian cancer mortality in Latvia was 190 cases in 2003. The majority of breast and ovarian cancers are considered as sporadic and development of these cancers has many risk factors. The most frequent factors are woman's age above 50 years and unfavourable reproductive history [1]. Approximately 15-20% of all breast and ovarian cancers are hereditary [1-3]. Incidence of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer may vary considerably among different populations and ethnic groups. In the last decades mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes responsible for development of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer have been discovered. These cancers result from a strong genetic predisposition and susceptibility in these families is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. For women with a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene a lifetime risk of development of breast cancer ranges from 45% to 85% and for ovarian cancer the risk ranges from 15% to 45% [2,5]. Mutation carriers have a slightly increased risk of development of other cancers. Therefore families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer are in a group with a very high cancer risk, and it is very important to identify these families and take appropriate preventative actions.
The aim of the work is to study clinical and molecular features of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Latvia as well to evaluate ethnic and geographical differences in different regions of Latvia.
Materials and methods
During the prospective study from January 2002 to September 2004 cancer family history was collected from 287 consecutive hospital based patients. There were 251 breast cancer and 36 ovarian cancer cases from two oncology hospitals of Latvia (Oncology Hospital of Liepãja, Oncology Hospital of Daugavpils). Liepãja is located in the western part of Latvia while Daugavpils - in the eastern part of Latvia with considerable ethnic differences between those two regions.
Cases were considered as consecutive, if at least 70% of newly diagnosed patients were involved in the study from a particular hospital in a given period of time. In the consecutive group 128 cases were from the Oncology Hospital of Daugavpils and 159 cases from the Oncology Hospital of Liepãja.
In the study group 284/287 were females and 3/287 - males. For age distribution in groups for breast cancer cases see Table 1. For age distribution in groups for ovarian cancer cases see Table 2.
Table 1.
Age distribution in groups for breast cancer
| Decade | Study group | CPRL group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | % | 95% CI limits | Count | % | 95% CI limits | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| 30-39 | 13 | 5.2% | 3.1% | 8.7% | 27 | 2.9% | 2.0% | 4.1% |
| 40-49 | 53 | 21.1% | 16.6% | 26.7% | 167 | 17.6% | 15.3% | 20.2% |
| 50-59 | 64 | 25.6% | 20.6% | 31.4% | 205 | 21.6% | 19.1% | 24.4% |
| 60-69 | 66 | 26.4% | 21.3% | 32.2% | 279 | 29.5% | 26.6% | 32.4% |
| 70-79 | 46 | 18.4% | 14.1% | 23.7% | 207 | 21.9% | 19.3% | 24.6% |
| 80-89 | 8 | 3.2% | 1.6% | 6.2% | 62 | 6.5% | 5.1% | 8.3% |
| Total | 250 | 947 | ||||||
Table 2.
Age distribution in groups for ovarian cancer
| Decade | Study group | CPRL group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | % | 95% CI limits | Count | % | 95% CI limits | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| 40-49 | 6 | 16.2% | 7.7% | 31.1% | 47 | 17.4% | 13.4% | 22.4% |
| 50-59 | 12 | 32.4% | 19.6% | 48.5% | 63 | 23.3% | 18.7% | 28.7% |
| 60-69 | 13 | 35.1% | 21.8% | 51.2% | 71 | 26.3% | 21.4% | 31.9% |
| 70-79 | 5 | 13.5% | 5.9% | 28.0% | 66 | 24.4% | 19.7% | 29.9% |
| 80-89 | 1 | 2.7% | 0.5% | 13.8% | 23 | 8.5% | 5.7% | 12.5% |
| Total | 37 | 270 | ||||||
In the study group with breast cancer for 120/251 cases the stage of cancer was known. Distribution according to cancer stage was as follows: 21 (17.5%) cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in stage I; 48 (40%) - in stage II; 42 (35%) - in stage III and 9 (7.5%) - in stage IV.
In order to evaluate the representativity of the consecutive group, it was compared to all newly diagnosed breast and ovarian cancer cases detected in 2002-2003 in Latvia. According to data of the Cancer Patients Registry of Latvia (CPRL) during those 2 years (2002-2003) there were 1,865 new breast cancer cases and 579 new ovarian cancer cases diagnosed in Latvia. To compare both groups according to distribution of age at cancer diagnosis Wilson method was used. Since confidence intervals (CI) in all decade groups are overlapping, distribution of age in both groups is the same, if p = 0.05.
All patients filled in the questionnaire where the following questions were asked: Had your relatives (father, mother, grandparents, siblings, children, grandchildren, aunts, uncles) any tumour? What was the localization of the tumour? At what age was the tumour detected? In all individuals, where blood samples were possible to be obtained, 10 ml of venous blood was taken and molecular testing for founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene (exon 20 (5382 insC) exon 5 (300T/G), exon 11, 17 (4153delA) was performed, after written informed consent was obtained from each patient [6,7]. For diagnostic criteria for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes (Hereditary breast cancer (HBC), Hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC), Hereditary ovarian cancer (HOC)) see Table 3.
Table 3.
Clinical diagnostic criteria for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
| HBC suspected (susp.) 1 | HBC susp. 2 | HBC |
|---|---|---|
| HBOC susp. 1 | HBOC susp. 2 | HBOC |
| One-case families | Two-case families | Three-case families |
| - at least one of the following criteria has to be met: | - one of the following criteria has to be met: | |
| a) breast cancer diagnosed under the age of 40 | a) two breast or two ovarian cancers among first degree relatives (or second through male) at any age | At least three breast or ovarian cancer patients on the same side of family diagnosed at any age; one of those patients is first degree relative (or second through male relative to other two) |
| b) medullary or atypical medullary breast cancer | ||
| c) male breast cancer | ||
| d) breast and ovarian cancer in the same individual at any age | b) one breast cancer diagnosed under the age of 50 and one ovarian cancer diagnosed at any age among first degree relatives (or second through male relatives) | |
| e) bilateral breast cancer, one of them diagnosed under the age of 50 | ||
The Ethics Commission of Riga Stradins University accepted the protocol for the study.
Results
Among 287 family cancer histories analyzed in 8/287 (2.8%) cases criteria of hereditary breast cancer (HBC) were fulfilled and in 5/287 (1.7%) cases hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) was diagnosed.
In 50/287 (17.4%) cases we have suspicion of hereditary breast cancer (HBC susp.) 25/50 (50%) of those cases matched criteria of HBC susp. 1 and 25/50 (50%) cases matched diagnostic criteria of HBC susp. 2. In 8/287 (2.8%) cases suspicion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC susp.) was observed. We have 1/287 (0.3%) case of hereditary ovarian cancer (HOC). In 30/287 (10%) families we discovered cancer familial aggregation (at least 3 first degree blood relatives have cancer of any localization).
Currently DNA testing of the BRCA1 gene (exon 20 (5382 insC) exon 5 (300T/G), exon 11, 17 (4153delA)) for 178/287 (62%) patients was performed. In 9/287 (4.9%) cases we found a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. 4 mutations were detected in exon 11, 17 (4153delA) and 4 mutations in exon 20 (5382 insC) and 1 in exon 5. One mutation was found in the HBC group. The mutation detection rate in the group is 1/8 (12.5%). 3 mutations were found in the HBOC group with a mutation detection rate of 3/5 (60%). 3 mutations were detected in the HBC susp. group with a mutation detection rate of 3/50 (6%) and 2 mutations were found in the HBOC susp. group with a mutation detection rate of 2/8 (25%). The overall founder mutation detection rate in HBC, HBOC and HBOC susp. clinical groups is 6/23 (26%) which underscores the importance of family cancer history and clinical diagnostic criteria in the detection of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families. For summary of results see Table 4.
Table 4.
Division of mutations in clinical groups
| Diagnostic criteria | All cases | Examined cases | Number of BRCA1 mutation | Frequency of mutation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HBC | 8 | 7 | 1 | 12.5% |
| HBOC | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60.0% |
| HBC susp. | 50 | 31 | 3 | 6.1% |
| HBOC susp. | 8 | 6 | 2 | 25.0% |
| HOC susp. | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0% |
| 2 Br, 1<50 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0% |
| CFA | 28 | 21 | 0 | 0% |
| Others | 185 | 107 | 0 | 0% |
| Total | 287 | 178 | 9 | 4.9% |
For all of the families with definitive or suspected hereditary cancer diagnosis appropriate recommendations concerning prophylactic measures, surveillance and treatment were elaborated on and transmitted in written form.
Discussion
The overall clinical frequency of definitive hereditary breast/ovarian cancer in our study is 5% and it is similar to results obtained in the studies from other populations across Europe. Also the frequency of clinically suspected hereditary breast/ovarian cancer is similar to the results from other geographical areas. The overall frequency of three BRCA1 founder mutations at a level of 4.9% confirms earlier data about the presence of a very strong BRCA1 founder effect in Latvia shared with Poland, Lithuania, Byelorussia and to a smaller extent also other East European populations.
However the most interesting finding is considerable differences of features of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer between two historically, geographically and ethnically different regions of Latvia, the region of Liepãja and that of Daugavpils. The distance between those two regions is approximately 500 km. A map of Latvia with both regions marked is presented in Fig. 1. For ethnic differences in the regions of Liepãja and Daugavpils see Table 5. Among 287 family cancer histories analysed, 128 cases come from the Oncology Hospital of Daugavpils and 159 cases from the Oncology Hospital of Liepãja. From all 8 (2.8%) cases of hereditary breast cancer (HBC), 7 cases come from the Oncology Hospital of Daugavpils and only one case from the Oncology Hospital of Liepãja. Among hereditary breast and ovarian cancer cases (HBOC) all 5 (1.7%) cases come from the Oncology Hospital of Daugavpils. 8 BRCA1 founder mutations were detected in the region of Daugavpils and only one in the region of Liepãja, resulting in BRCA1 founder mutation frequency in consecutive breast and ovarian cancers of 6.3% and 0.6%, respectively. Table 6 presents a comparison of clinical and molecular results between regions of Liepãja and Daugavpils.
Figure 1.
Geographical map of Latvia.
Table 5.
Ethnic differences in the regions of Liepãja and Daugavpils
| Nationality | Region of Daugavpils | Region of Liepãja |
|---|---|---|
| Latvians | 22.3% | 62.4% |
| Russians | 50.6% | 24.2% |
| Byelorussians | 8.2% | 2.9% |
| Polish | 14.1% | 0.96% |
| Jewish | 0.44% | 0.16% |
| Total number of all nationalities | 158,023 | 136,265 |
Table 6.
Comparison between regions of Liepãja and Daugavpils
| Diagnostic criteria | Number of cases in Liepãja | BRCA1 mutations | Number of cases in Daugavpils | BRCA1 mutations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HBC | 1 (0.63%) | 0 | 7 (5.5%) | 1 |
| HBOC | 0 (0%) | 0 | 5 (3.9%) | 3 |
| HBC susp. 1 | 8 (5%) | 0 | 17 (13.2%) | 2 |
| HBC susp. 2 | 8 (5%) | 0 | 17 (13.2%) | 1 |
| HBOC susp. | 3 (1.9%) | 1 | 5 (3.9%) | 1 |
| HOC susp. | 1 (0.63%) | 0 | 1 (0.78%) | 0 |
| Total | 159 | 1 (0.6%) | 128 | 8 (6.3%) |
According to those first results we can presume that in the region of Daugavpils there could be threefold to tenfold higher clinical and molecular frequency of hereditary breast cancer (HBC) and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Due to this finding of increased frequency of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, the region of Daugavpils and other south eastern neighbouring regions of Latvia could be considered as regions of the highest risk, where systematic government funded hereditary breast and ovarian cancer screening program should be started due to limited finances in the healthcare system.
One of probable explanations for this very considerable difference in clinical and molecular frequency of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer between regions of Daugavpils and Liepãja is related to ethnic features, especially a considerably larger number of Polish, Byelorussian and Jewish inhabitants as well historical Polish, Byelorussian and Jewish influence in the region of Daugavpils. A very strong founder effect of BRCA1 mutations as well as high frequency of hereditary breast ovarian cancer in the population of Poland and high frequency of BRCA1 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish population are well known.
In spite of this very obvious finding, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions because there is room for several potential biases. Firstly, the number of examined cases is small and further collection of cases is necessary to confirm the results with statistical significance. Secondly, Latvia is a small country and probably some selected patients from the regions of Daugavpils and Liepãja underwent their cancer treatment in oncology hospitals of Riga. Thirdly, no patients from two largest oncology hospitals located in Riga were involved in the study and this could influence the overall rate of frequency of clinical and molecular features observed in our study.
Conclusions
Existing pedigree/clinical data suggest that the overall clinical frequency of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Latvia is around 5% of consecutive breast and ovarian cancer patients and suspicion of the syndrome is observed in another 20% of cases. Frequency of BRCA1 founder mutations is 5% of all consecutive breast and ovarian cancers. Considerable geographical differences in the clinical and molecular frequency of hereditary breast ovarian cancer have been observed in Latvia. However the number of patients involved in the study is not sufficient and more patients have to be studied to confirm the results.
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