Escitalopram for Older Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Abstract

Context

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in older adults; however, few data exist to guide clinicians in efficacious and safe treatment. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are efficacious for younger adults with GAD, but benefits and risks may be different in older adults.

Objective

To examine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the SSRI escitalopram in older adults with GAD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A randomized controlled trial in primary care practices and related specialty clinics in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of 177 participants aged 60 years or older with a principal diagnosis of GAD randomized to receive either escitalopram or placebo and conducted between January 2005 and January 2008.

Interventions

Twelve weeks of 10 to 20 mg/d of escitalopram (n=85) or matching placebo (n=92).

Main Outcome Measures

Cumulative response defined by Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement score of much or very much improved; time to response; and anxiety and role functioning changes measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument activity limitations subscale, and the role-emotional impairment and social function subscales of the Medical Outcome Survey 36-item Short Form.

Results

In the primary analytic strategy in which participants (n=33) were censored at the time of dropout, mean cumulative response rate for escitalopram was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58%-80%) vs 51% (95% CI, 40%-62%) for placebo (P=.03). A conservative intention-to-treat analysis showed no difference in mean cumulative response rate between escitalopram and placebo (57%; 95% CI, 46%-67%; vs 45%; 95% CI, 35%-55%; P=.11). Participants treated with escitalopram showed greater improvement than with placebo in anxiety symptoms and role functioning (Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale: effect size, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.50-1.36; P<.001; Penn State Worry Questionnaire: 0.30; 95% CI, 0.23-0.48; P=.01; activity limitations: 0.32; 95% CI, 0.01-0.63; P=.04; and the role-emotional impairment and social function: 0.96; 95% CI, 0.03-1.90; P=.04). Adverse effects of escitalopram (P<.05 vs placebo) were fatigue or somnolence (35 patients [41.1%]), sleep disturbance (12 [14.1%]), and urinary symptoms (8 [9.4%]).

Conclusions

Older adults with GAD randomized to escitalopram had a higher cumulative response rate for improvement vs placebo over 12 weeks; however, response rates were not significantly different using an intention-to-treat analysis. Further study is required to assess efficacy and safety over longer treatment durations.

Trial Registration

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00105586

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder in primary care^1,2 and is defined by chronic, difficult-to-control worry and anxiety. Related somatic and psychiatric symptoms include muscle tension, sleep disturbance, and fatigue. Individuals with GAD have poorer quality of life,³ with impairments in role functioning (encompassing social, occupational, and family functioning) on par with those observed in major depressive disorder and other common medical problems such as arthritis and diabetes.^4,5

The prevalence of GAD is as high as 7.3% in community-dwelling older adults⁶ and higher in primary care⁷ where they are most likely to present for treatment.⁸ In older adults, GAD is associated with poorer quality of life,^9-11 increased health care utilization,¹¹ and cognitive impairment.^12,13 Additionally, chronic anxiety disorders are associated with increased risk and severity of medical illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, and cancer.^14,15 Thus, by virtue of demographic shift and absent effective management, GAD in older adults will become an increasing human and economic burden.

Effective treatment options for GAD include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), benzodiazepines, buspirone, venlafaxine, duloxetine, and psychotherapy.¹⁶ Older adults have typically been excluded from GAD treatment research; however, only benzodiazepines have received study in a large-scale, prospective controlled trial in this age group.¹⁷ Although benzodiazepines are widely used for anxiety in older adults,¹⁸ the adverse effects of these medications in this age group include falls,¹⁹ cognitive impairment,²⁰ and motor vehicle crashes,²¹ and their long-term use for GAD is discouraged.²²

SSRIs are an alternative for treating GAD, but few data exist regarding their efficacy, tolerability, and safety in anxious older adults. Our group previously conducted a small, 8-week, placebo-controlled trial of citalopram.²³ This study and another study²⁴ preliminarily demonstrated the efficacy of SSRIs for older adults with anxiety disorders. We examined the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the SSRI escitalopram for the acute treatment of GAD in older adults.

METHODS

Patient Population

Participants were aged 60 years or older with a principal diagnosis of GAD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria,²⁵ with clinically significant anxiety symptoms defined as a score of 17 or more in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.²⁶ Participants were mainly recruited from primary care and related specialty medical care (eg, arthritis, geriatric medicine) clinics and practices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (50% of participants) using screening and referrals generated by automated prompts.²⁷ Other recruitment sources were specialty mental health practices (10% of participants) and self-referral from advertisements (40% of participants). Patients with comorbid unipolar depression or anxiety disorders were included if GAD was the principal diagnosis (based on severity and duration), as were patients with a past history of alcohol or substance abuse that was in full remission for at least 3 months.

Exclusion criteria were lifetime psychosis or bipolar disorder, dementia, increased suicide risk (eg, current ideation), medical instability according to review of medical chart data; ongoing psychotherapy; and current antidepressant or anxiolytic use, with the exception of benzodiazepines up to 2 mg/d equivalent of lorazepam. This was allowed because many anxious older adults take benzodiazepines¹⁸ and it would not be common practice to taper them before starting an SSRI.

Randomization and Study Drug Administration

The University of Pittsburgh institutional review board approved the study. Potential participants were assessed initially by telephone with a screening measure for GAD in older adults. If the participants screened positive and were receptive to study participation, they were assessed in person, after providing written informed consent, with a diagnostic interview (structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders),²⁸ interview ratings of anxiety and depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Anxiety and Depression²⁹ Rating Scales), and a screening test of cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]).³⁰ Medical evaluation included interview for medical conditions and medications, review of medical records, discussion with participants' primary care physicians when indicated, and vital signs, with laboratory tests if needed. Using these data, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics³¹ quantified medical burden. Race and ethnicity were classified by participants using the National Institutes of Health ethnic origin and race form, for the purpose of characterizing the sample and examining ethnicity as a possible moderator of treatment efficacy.

Participants who met eligibility criteria were randomized to escitalopram or placebo using a permuted-block, 1:1 randomized list generated by a study statistician. The research pharmacy performed the randomization and assigned individuals in the order of their enrollment; otherwise, all study personnel, investigators, and participants were blinded to treatment assignment until completion of the entire study. Study medication consisted of identically appearing pills containing either 10 mg of escitalopram or placebo. Patients took 1 pill daily. For patients who did not achieve response after 4 weeks, the dosage was increased to 2 pills daily, as tolerated. Participants took study medication for 12 weeks or until they dropped out; 1 participant was removed from the study due to medical concerns (bacterial endocarditis).

Data Collection and Outcome Measures

Participants were recruited between January 2005 and October 2007, with the last participants completing the study in January 2008 (after 12 weeks). Participants were assessed weekly for the first 4 weeks and then every other week by trained, bachelor's degree–educated raters.

The main outcome assessment was the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale³² for which raters synthesized anxiety rating scale scores, participant self-reports, and the rater's determination of degree of improvement. Other measures at each assessment point were the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, adverse effects assessed by patient responses to an open-ended, nonspecific question, seated pulse and blood pressure measurements using a digital blood pressure monitor, and weight. At baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12, participants were assessed using the self-report Penn State Worry Questionnaire.³³ At baseline and week 12, participants were assessed using the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument and Medical Outcome Survey 36-item Short Form to measure self-reported function and quality of life.^34,35

Interrater reliability was established with training at the study onset, maintained with retraining throughout the study, and tested yearly (intraclass correlation coefficient for Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, 0.89; and for Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, 0.93).

Statistical Analysis

Analyses were conducted by using SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina) and Stata version 9 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas). We hypothesized that escitalopram would be better than placebo in achieving response, improving anxiety symptoms, and reducing anxiety-related impairments in function and quality of life.

The primary outcome was response, defined as Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved).³² The primary analytic strategy was cumulative incidence of response and the secondary strategy was time to response, using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Greenwood formula for estimates of standard error. This strategy censored participants at the time of dropout. We also calculated intention-to-treat (ITT) rates of cumulative incidence of response in which participants who dropped out were considered to be nonresponders. We performed a standard ITT analysis including all randomized participants (except for 2 participants who did not receive any study medication) and a modified ITT analysis including only participants who provided at least 1 follow-up data point.³⁶

The sample size was calculated to have 80% power to detect a difference of 25% in incident response, based on recruitment feasibility. Additionally, potential covariates were examined in a Cox proportional hazards regression model of time to response. We included referral source and clinical and demographic covariates that had the potential to affect medication efficacy, based on studies in the late-life mood disorder literature.³⁷ After checking the proportional hazards assumption, Cox proportional hazards regression model was also fitted in the data set to study the potential covariates. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, referral source, age of GAD onset, MMSE score, comorbid major depressive disorder, comorbid benzodiazepine use, and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatrics score. We used sex and referral source as categorical data and age, age of GAD onset, and MMSE as continuous data.

The secondary analytical strategy was an evaluation of clinical changes using a mixed-effect repeated measures approach and examining effect sizes (Cohen d where 0.2=small, 0.5=medium, and 0.8=large).³⁸ Outcomes were changes in symptoms of anxiety (Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and role functioning. Role functioning outcomes were the activity limitations subscale of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument and the role-emotional impairment and social function subscales of the 36-item Short Form. We chose these specific domains because they are most negatively impacted by GAD.^3,9

For safety and tolerability evaluation, we compared the escitalopram and placebo groups in terms of (1) proportions with self-reported adverse effects, (2) dropouts due to adverse effects, (3) serious adverse events, and (4) rates of bradycardia and hypotension, using Fisher exact tests. All reported P values are 2-tailed, with significance level for all tests at P≤.05.

RESULTS

Of 179 participants randomized to treatment (Figure 1), 2 withdrew consent before receiving study medication and were excluded from all analyses. Additionally, 7 withdrew consent after receiving study medication but without providing any follow-up data and were included in the ITT analysis but excluded from the modified ITT analysis. Of the 177 randomized patients who received study medication, 85 were randomized to escitalopram and 92 to placebo.

Figure 1. Flow of Patients Through the Trial.

GAD indicates generalized anxiety disorder.

Randomized patients did not significantly vary from the entire eligible sample in any demographic characteristic (Table 1). Proportions of participants recruited from primary/specialty medical (n=88), mental health (n=17), or self-referral (n=72) did not differ between the escitalopram and placebo arms. Of the participants who received escitalopram, 16 (18.5%) dropped out of the study before week 12 (3 dropouts [3%] were due to adverse effects and 1 [1%] was due to hospitalization for a medical condition). Of the participants who received placebo, 17 (18.4%) dropped out before week 12 (4 dropouts [4%] were due to adverse effects and 1 [1%] was due to worsening GAD). All other dropouts were due to refusing to continue the study (ie, did not want to continue to participate in the trial).

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics by Treatment Group

Characteristic	Escitalopram (n = 85)	Placebo (n = 92)	χ2 or Kruskal-Wallis Testsa	P Value
Demographics
Age, mean (SD), y	71.1 (7.4)	72.2 (8.2)	0.35	.56
White, No. (%)	68 (80.0)	78 (84.8)	0.41	.49
Men, No. (%)	24 (28.3)	34 (37.0)	1.53	.22
Education, mean (SD), y	14.0 (2.5)	13.8 (3.3)	0.51	.47
Recruitment site, No. (%)
Self-referral via word-of-mouth and advertisements	36 (41.3)	38 (43.4)	0.03	.92
Referral from mental health setting	8 (8.7)	6 (7.2)
Screening/referral from primary care setting	46 (50.0)	41 (49.4)
Clinical scales, mean (SD)b
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale	22.9 (4.3)	23.1 (4.9)	0.004	.92
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale	11.8 (3.4)	12.3 (4.3)	0.004	.98
Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (medical comorbidity score)	9.3 (4.3)	8.7 (3.9)	0.74	.39
Mini-Mental State Examination	28.4 (1.6)	27.8 (2.2)	3.85	.05
Penn State Worry Questionnaire	55.5 (11.8)	57.8 (13.1)	1.49	.22
Current comorbidity, No. (%)
MDD	10 (12.1)	14 (15.2)	0.97	.62
Any depressive diagnosis (including MDD)	22 (26.5)	22 (23.9)	0.16	.69
Any anxiety disorder (other than GAD)	19 (22.9)	18 (19.6)	0.29	.59
Clinical history
Age of onset of GAD, mean (SD), y	43.3 (25.9)	37.8 (27.8)	1.78	.18
Duration of current GAD, mean (SD), mo	327.5 (314.6)	404.0 (334.4)	1.80	.13
Concomitant benzodiazepine use at randomization, No. (%)	14 (17.1)	12 (13.2)	1.19	.48

Abbreviations: GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder.

^aχ² Test (for categorical variables) and Kruskal-Wallis test (for continuous variables) were used to compare all baseline variables between treatment groups.

^bHigher scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire indicate greater symptoms.³⁹ Published means on each scale for older adults with GAD vs anxiety-free comparisons are 19.9 vs 3.2 (range, 0-56) for Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; 16.6 vs 1.6 (range, 0-51) for Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; and 59.7 vs 28.2 (range, 16-80) for Penn State Worry Questionnaire.

There were no statistically significant differences between the escitalopram and placebo groups in overall dropouts, timing of dropouts, or dropouts due to adverse effects. Participants who dropped out before week 12 were significantly different from completers in terms of baseline severity on Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (25.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 22.9-27.2; vs 22.6; 95% CI, 21.9-23.2; P=.003) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (14.0; 95% CI, 12.3-15.7; vs 11.6; 95% CI, 11.0-12.2; P=.02), co-prescription of benzodiazepine (dropout rate for benzodiazepine users, 33.3% [n=9/27]; and for nonusers, 16.0% [n=24/150]; P=.04), and race (dropout rate for white patients, 15.9% [n=23/145]; and for black patients, 31.2% [n=10/32]; P=.04); however, none of these variables differed in terms of proportions of dropouts in the escitalopram vs placebo groups.

For study completers, a patient-reported treatment guess was obtained to determine the success of blinding. Treatment guesses were obtained in 140 patients; of those randomized to escitalopram, 36 of 66 (55%) guessed correctly; of those randomized to placebo, 43 of 74 (58%) guessed correctly (Fisher exact, P=.18). These results suggest adequate success of blinding. Of patients randomized to escitalopram, 34 of 36 (94%) correct guessers were responders, while in the placebo group, 14 of 43 (33%) were responders (Fisher exact, P<.001), suggesting that correct guesses were associated with response in the active treatment group only.

Clinical Response

Estimates of the cumulative incidence of response and time to response are shown in Figure 2. The cumulative incidence of response was higher in the escitalopram group than in the placebo group (mean response rate, 69%; 95% CI, 58%-80%; vs 51%; 95% CI, 40%-62%; P=.03). In the ITT analysis, the response was not different between groups (57%; 95% CI, 46%-67% for escitalopram; vs 45%; 95% CI, 35%-55% for placebo; P=.11); however, in a modified ITT analysis, response was higher in the escitalopram group than in the placebo group (60%; 95% CI, 50%-71%; vs 45%; 95% CI, 36%-56%; P=.048). In an exploratory analysis, 37 of 49 escitalopram responders (76%) and 30 of 42 placebo responders (71%) had at least 1 subsequent Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale score in the response range, suggesting that response typically persisted.

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve With Escitalopram or Placebo.

Overall time to response is not different between groups. Subgroup analysis of 2 intervals (before week 4 and week 4 to 12) shows no difference between treatments initially (P=.43), a crossing over of the curves at week 6, and then subsequent superiority of escitalopram (P=.01).

In contrast with the cumulative incident response results, time to response (6 weeks median in the escitalopram group vs 10 weeks in placebo) did not significantly differ (P=.19). Examination of time-to-response showed a crossover in hazard functions (crossover of escitalopram and placebo curves between weeks 4 and 6). Therefore, as an exploratory analysis, we separately examined time-to-response analyses for the 2 intervals (baseline to week 4 and week 4 to week 12) using the Gail and Simon method.⁴⁰ The initial 4-week interval showed no difference between escitalopram and placebo (P=.43), while the final 8-week interval showed a significant difference favoring escitalopram (P=.01) (Figure 2). Week 4 was the point of the titration of study medication to 2 pills, which was done in 55 of 71 patients (77%) in the escitalopram group and 66 of 83 patients (80%) in the placebo group (Fisher exact, P=.84).

Figure 3 shows results from mixed-effects models of change in anxiety symptoms and role functioning. Escitalopram was significantly better than placebo for Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, activity limitations subscale, and role-emotional impairment and social function subscales. Figure 3 also displays effect size (Cohen d) with 95% CIs, showing that the largest effect size was observed with Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (0.93; 95% CI, 0.50-1.36; P<.001) and role-emotional impairment subscale (0.96; 95% CI, 0.03-1.90; P=.04); the rest of the scales showed effect size in the small-to-moderate range (Penn State Worry Questionnaire: 0.30; 95% CI, 0.23-0.48; P=.01; activity limitations: 0.32; 95% CI, 0.01-0.63; P=.04).

Figure 3. Improvements in Anxiety Symptoms and Disability and Quality of Life Measures.

Effect sizes are expressed as Cohen d where 0.2=small, 0.5=medium, and 0.8=large. Activity limitations is a subscale of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument. SF-36 role-emotional impairment and SF-36 social function are the role-emotional impairment and social function subscales of the Medical Outcome Survey 36-item Short Form.

Covariate Analyses

Baseline variables significantly associated with poorer overall time to response were presence of comorbid major depressive disorder (χ²=3.97; hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34-0.99; P=.046) and higher medical comorbidity scores in the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (χ²=4.16; HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-1.00; P=.04). However, a multivariate model including these variables as well as age, sex, referral source, comorbid benzodiazepine use, age of GAD onset, and MMSE score did not affect the significant association of treatment group with response (ie, no significant covariate×treatment group interactions, P values ranged from .22-.99, and no change in the significance of the treatment group main effect). Therefore, no baseline variable appeared to moderate medication efficacy.

Tolerability and Safety

Adverse effects data are shown in Table 2. Most participants reported at least 1 adverse effect during the study. Of individual adverse effects, the most common in individuals taking escitalopram was fatigue or somnolence. Figure 4 shows the course of adverse effect endorsement over time. The only single time in which a significantly higher proportion of participants receiving escitalopram had adverse effects (P=.007) was at week 6, which was the appointment after most participants had a dosage increase from 10 to 20 mg/d.

Table 2.

Proportion of Participants Who Experienced at Least 1 Adverse Effect by Treatment Group

	No. (%) of Participants
	Escitalopram (n = 85)	Placebo (n = 92)	P Valuea
≥1 Adverse effect	65 (76.5)	59 (64)	.10
Withdrew due to adverse effects	3 (3.5)	4 (4.3)	.99
Most common adverse effects
Fatigue or somnolence	35 (41.1)	10 (10.9)	<.001
Gastrointestinal upset	22 (25.9)	26 (28.3)	.73
Headache	13 (15.3)	7 (7.6)	.15
Sleep disturbance	12 (14.1)	2 (2.2)	.004
Sweating	11 (12.9)	5 (5.4)	.11
Sexual	9 (10.6)	3 (3.3)	.07
Urinary symptomsb	8 (9.4)	0	.002
Increased anxiety or depression	7 (8.2)	9 (9.8)	.80
Light-headedness	7 (8.2)	7 (7.6)	.99
Tremor	7 (8.2)	2 (2.2)	.09
Aches	5 (5.9)	14 (15.2)	.05
Rash or pruritus	5 (5.9)	6 (6.5)	.99

^aTwo-tailed Fisher exact tests.

^bIncreased or decreased frequency and urgency.

Figure 4. Rates of Overall Self-reported Adverse Effects Over Time in the Escitalopram and Placebo Groups.

Error bars indicate SE. Proportions did not significantly differ at any point except at week 6 (escitalopram vs placebo, P=.007), which was the visit after the titration to 20 mg/d.

No participants in either group had a serious or unexpected adverse event. One patient (randomized to receive escitalopram) was hospitalized for bacterial endocarditis and was removed from the study after week 3. With respect to vital sign changes, we found a significant effect by treatment group on pulse, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure, with a greater decrease in participants receiving escitalopram than those receiving placebo.

In an exploratory, post hoc evaluation of changes in pulse and blood pressure as a function of baseline values, the greater decrease in the escitalopram group in blood pressure was isolated to those participants with high baseline values (Table 3). Although the escitalopram group had a greater decrease in pulse, prevalence of bradycardia (pulse < 60/min) did not change over time in either the escitalopram or placebo groups (19/69 [27%] at baseline vs 22/62 [35%]; t test, P=.33; vs 14/82 [17%] at baseline vs 16/69 [23%]; t test, P=.35). Weight changes over time were not significant in the overall sample or between groups by mixed-effect model (for time: standard estimate = 0.07, F₁₆₃₂=0.36, P=.55; and for group × time interaction: standard estimate=−0.12, F₁₆₃₂=0.41, P=.52).

Table 3.

Changes in Blood Pressure and Pulse by Treatment Group and Baseline Values^a

	Mean (95% Confidence Interval)
	Escitalopram		Placebo		Analysis of Changes Between Groupsb
	Baseline	Changec	Baseline	Changec	F(Time × Group)	P Value
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
Entire group (n = 158)	140.4 (134.4 to 146.4)	−3.1 (−9.3 to 3.1)	136.2 (132.0 to 140.3)	−0.7 (−4.6 to 3.3)	4.7 (1669)	.03
Top quartile (n = 41)	173.7 (163.5 to 184.0)	−23.3 (−39.4 to −7.1)	159.9 (155.4 to 164.4)	−12.4 (−19.4 to −5.4)	10.2 (1152)	.002
Bottom 3 quartiles (n = 117)	128.9 (124.8 to 133.0)	3.4 (−2.4 to 9.2)	127.7 (124.3 to 131.2)	3.3 (−0.6 to 7.3)	0.07 (1516)	.79
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
Entire group (n = 158)	78.2 (75.0 to 81.5)	−3.9 (−7.6 to −0.2)	74.6 (72.2 to 77.0)	−1.0 (−3.4 to 1.3)	8.9 (1559)	.003
Top quartile (n = 42)	94.9 (89.5 to 100.2)	−12.7 (−22.6 to −2.8)	88.5 (85.9 to 91.0)	−7.5 (−12.9 to −2.2)	6.9 (1156)	.01
Bottom 3 quartiles (n = 116)	71.7 (69.5 to 73.8)	−1.0 (−4.1 to 2.1)	69.9 (67.9 to 72.0)	1.2 (−0.9 to 3.2)	2.7 (1512)	.10
Pulse, beats/min
Entire group (n = 151)	70.7 (66.7 to 74.1)	−5.9 (−9.0 to −2.6)	68.3 (66.2 to 70.4)	0.51 (−1.8 to 2.8)	10.4 (1653)	.001
Top quartile (n = 40)	88.0 (80.7 to 96.0)	−10.0 (−18.3 to −1.7)	82.0 (79.2 to 84.8)	−6.4 (−11.7 to −1.1)	5.5 (1153)	.02
Bottom 3 quartiles (n = 111)	62.6 (60.5 to 64.8)	−3.9 (−6.4 to −1.4)	64.5 (62.8 to 66.1)	2.5 (0.3 to 4.8)	5.6 (1499)	.02

^aFor systolic blood pressure, a range of 151 to 220 mm Hg indicated top quartile group and 94 to 150 mm Hg indicated the bottom 3 quartiles group; for diastolic blood pressure, 82 to 130 mm Hg and 47 to 81 mm Hg, respectively; and for pulse, 75 to 156 beats/min and 48 to 74 beats/min, respectively.

^bCalculated from group × time interaction from mixed-effects models.

^cModeled data from the mixed-effects models.

COMMENT

In this clinical trial of SSRI treatment for GAD in older adults, we found that escitalopram was better than placebo in terms of cumulative response and improvements in anxiety symptoms and self-reported role functioning. Treatment with escitalopram was associated with a higher rate of several adverse effects, particularly fatigue or somnolence, vs placebo. In spite of this, adverse effects tended to be benign, not leading to serious events and rarely leading to dropout. Moreover, safety appeared favorable with respect to vital signs data.

The efficacy of escitalopram in this study is consistent with smaller prospective studies of SSRIs in late-life anxiety disorders,^23,24 as well as retrospective pooled analyses of adults aged 60 years or older participating in phase 3 industry studies of venlafaxine extended-release or duloxetine for GAD.^41,42 The lack of efficacy of escitalopram in the ITT analysis is consistent with its overall modest efficacy, diminished further by nonadherence. Given that patients with anxiety disorders are often poorly adherent to pharmacotherapy, these negative results may more accurately portray the results of treatment in clinical settings.

In a subsequent post hoc analysis, escitalopram separated from placebo only after week 4 of treatment. This finding is consistent with research showing that comorbid anxiety predicts slower antidepressant response in late-life depression^43,44; another potential explanation is that escitalopram required a dose titration to 20 mg/d to be efficacious. With respect to subgroup comparisons, we found no baseline characteristic that altered the efficacy finding, including medical or psychiatric comorbidity or source of recruitment (ie, primary care setting vs other source). This suggests that the efficacy findings in this study are generalizable to late-life GAD cases typically observed in primary care and other medical settings.

Analyses of symptomatic change using mixed-effects models found escitalopram to be better than placebo. Additionally, because GAD is associated with impairments in role function similar to major depressive disorder or other common chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and arthritis,³ we examined treatment-attributable changes in role functioning. The activity limitations and role-emotional impairment subscales, which measure impairments in role function, indicated that escitalopram was better than placebo. These results substantiate the benefits of treating GAD for improving role impairments in this age group, as has been shown in young adults.⁴⁵ However, the effect size for most outcomes was in the low to moderate range and is consistent with SSRI effect size for GAD in young adults.⁴⁶ Because of this modest effect size, many older adults will fail to achieve adequate resolution of GAD-related symptoms and role impairments with SSRI monotherapy, so there is great need for augmentation or switch strategies in this condition and also for efficacious nonpharmacologic treatments.

Escitalopram was well-tolerated with a rate of dropouts from adverse effects (3%) comparable with that of younger adults.⁴⁷ Fatigue or somnolence was the most common adverse effect, which is notable because this adverse effect is not mentioned in published placebo-controlled evaluations of escitalopram in young adults with GAD⁴⁶ or older adults with major depressive disorder.⁴⁸ Thus, health care professionals need to inform their older patients with GAD of this and other potential adverse effects during acute treatment. Another clinically salient point is that overall adverse effects increased at week 6, coinciding with the increase in escitalopram to 20 mg/d. Thus, health care professionals need to make their patients aware of the increased likelihood of adverse effects with dose increases.

With respect to safety, no patient had a medication-related serious adverse event. Although some studies have raised concerns about hypotension and bradycardia with antidepressants, particularly in older adults and cardiac high-risk groups,^49,50 we did not find evidence of either problem. Instead, individuals with hypertension at baseline had a decrease in blood pressure, while those with low to normal blood pressure at baseline had no overall change. This finding might represent a benefit of treating anxiety in older persons, but this examination was not the original intent of our study and these findings should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating only. Given the strong association between anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease,¹⁵ further studies should examine whether improved blood pressure control is a benefit of treatment for anxiety disorders in older adults and by what mechanism. Possibilities may include a direct effect of reduced anxiety vs an indirect effect via patients becoming more adherent at managing their blood pressure.

The primary limitation of our study was its relatively brief duration. Generalized anxiety disorder is a chronic disorder and longer-term evaluations are needed to determine the benefits and risks of treatment, including whether response once obtained acutely is sustained over the long term. With respect to treatment-attributable improvements in anxiety symptoms and role functioning, we examined several outcome variables. Although this clarifies some of the domains in which treatment effects can be expected, it also increases the risk of type I error. Additionally, we cannot make an unqualified claim of escitalopram's safety. We examined safety over 12 weeks, a relatively brief duration, using self-reports and vital signs but not laboratory test results. SSRIs may cause acute hyponatremia⁵¹ and pharmacoepidemiological studies have associated their use in older patients with an increased risk of fractures, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and completed suicide in the first month of treatment.^52-54 Further research is needed to clarify the risks of these medications in this age group.

Our study is one of the few placebo-controlled acute treatment studies of an SSRI in this age group. Because pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes with aging may alter the risks and benefits of psychotropic medications,⁵⁵ research performed in healthy young adults does not necessarily apply to older adults. Our data are further strengthened by a sample that is representative of typical older adults with GAD, in terms of comorbidities and sources of recruitment.

In conclusion, older adults with GAD randomized to escitalopram had a higher cumulative response rate for improvement compared with placebo over 12 weeks. Response rate was not higher with escitalopram in an ITT analysis, suggesting that the medication's modest efficacy is further diminished by nonadherence. It is important for clinicians to emphasize to their anxious older patients the need for an adequate trial in which to observe any benefits, as well as the expectation and nature of adverse effects. Given the high human and economic burden of GAD, these data should provide impetus to detect and treat this common disorder. Further study is required to assess efficacy and safety over longer treatment durations.