Whole cell vaccines against pertussis can induce a hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode or shock-like syndrome (collapse) in children,1 but this may also occur with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, acellular pertussis vaccine, and without vaccination.2 Two prospective studies estimated that the rate of collapse after vaccination was considerable (13 out of 35 284 and 9 out of 15 752).3,4 The only follow up study, which assessed a small series, was inconclusive about sequelae.5
Comparing the rates of collapse between countries poses problems because of differences in vaccination schedules and vaccines and in the way adverse reactions are monitored and symptoms reported. Moreover, case definitions are inconsistent.
Although the rate of recurrent collapse after whole cell pertussis vaccine has not been studied, for over 30 years repeat doses of vaccine have been contraindicated in children who experience a collapse reaction. Before 1993, in both the Netherlands and the United States children who had had a collapse reaction after vaccination with whole cell pertussis were not given a repeat dose. This contraindication still applies in the Netherlands, although most children are given further doses. We measured the numbers of cases of collapse in children after vaccination with whole cell pertussis vaccine in the Netherlands in 1994 and followed up all cases who were reported after their first dose.
Subjects, methods, and results
In the Netherlands over 99% of childhood vaccines are administered routinely by specialised staff within a child health clinic. All vaccinations are registered in provincial databases, so that data are accessible to medical staff if a child changes address. In 1962 an enhanced passive surveillance system for monitoring adverse events following vaccinations, with a 24 hour telephone service, was instigated. Some degree of underreporting is inevitable, but it seems to be limited and not biased against collapse (our laboratory’s year report, 1994). Collapse is defined as sudden loss of muscle tone, pallor, and unresponsiveness. Sometimes symptoms are incomplete or atypical. When only one of the symptoms is present, the event is logged as an unspecified minor illness and not collapse.
In 1994, 712 adverse events were reported to the surveillance system, 587 after combined vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis (DTP-IPV vaccine) and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib-PRP-T vaccine). (The adverse events from H influenzae type B vaccine are infrequent and mild and not dealt with here.) After verification of symptoms we diagnosed 134 collapses (table).
In 1996 we followed up the 105 children with collapse reported after their first vaccinations. Detailed information about subsequent vaccinations, health state, and development in 101 of the children was supplied by child health clinics. Four of the children were lost to follow up: two had moved abroad and the names of two were unknown. The parents of one child refused further vaccinations, and 16 children completed their schedule with the combined diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis vaccine (DT-IPV). The other 84 children received further pertussis vaccine (DTP-IPV), totalling 236 doses; 74 received the full three doses. None of the children had recurrent collapse, and other adverse events were only minor. No systematic precautions were taken, although about half the children were given paracetamol prophylactically for the second vaccination; most of them did not take it for subsequent doses. At the time of follow up the children’s health and development showed no particular anomalies. One child who had not received further pertussis vaccinations developed severe pertussis.
Comment
The risk of recurrent collapse is higher than the background rate, which is low for second and subsequent vaccinations, but our data show that recurrence of collapse is exceptionally low (95% confidence interval 0% to 4.3%). A scheduled case-control study of all cases reported in 1995 would add to the numbers and contribute towards an understanding of risk factors and the effect of paracetamol used prophylactically.
Our preliminary results suggest that stopping further doses of pertussis vaccine is unneccessary and that vaccinations can still take place in a child healthcare clinic without special precautions. Parents, however, do need guidance and reassurance, and vaccination as an outpatient should be considered in the few cases in which parents’ fears are not allayed.
Table.
Numbers of infants in the Netherlands with collapse reactions after vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and poliomyelitis (DTP-IPV vaccine) with simultaneous Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination (Hib-PRP-T vaccine)*
|
Dose
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | |
| Scheduled age (months) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
| No who collapsed | 105 | 19 | 7 | 3 |
Birth cohort 200 000; vaccination uptake 97.5%.
Acknowledgments
We thank the staff of the child health clinics for providing us with the data.
Editorial by Miller
Footnotes
Funding: None.
Conflict of interest: None.
References
- 1.Howson CP, Howe CJ, Finberg HV, editors. Adverse effects of pertussis and rubella vaccines: a report of the committee to review the adverse consequences of pertussis and rubella vaccines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Olin P, Gustafsson L, Rasmussen F, Hallander H, Heijbel H, Gottfarb P. Efficacy trial of acellular pertussis vaccines; technical report trial II. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 1997.
- 3.Hannik CA, Cohen H. Pertussis vaccine experience in the Netherlands. In: Manclark CR, Hill JC, eds. Proceedings of the third international symposium on pertussis, Bethesda, 1978. Washington: DHEW Publications, 1979;279-82.
- 4.Cody CL, Baraff LJ, Cherry JD, Marcy SM, Manclark CR. Nature and rates of adverse reactions with DTP and DT immunizations in infants and children. Pediatrics. 1981;68:650–660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Baraff LJ, Shields WD, Beckwith L, Strome G, Marcy SM, Cherry JD, et al. Infants and children with convulsions and hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization: follow-up evaluation. Pediatrics. 1988;81:789–794. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]