Abstract
Background
Cemented total hip arthroplasty has been the treatment of choice for elderly patients with osteoarthritis. We analyzed survival rates of the most common cementless designs used in this age group in Finland.
Patients and methods
Inclusion criteria permitted 10,310 replacements (8 designs) performed in patients aged 55 years or older to be selected for evaluation. The risk of revision of each of the 8 implants was compared with that of a group comprising 3 cemented designs as the reference (9,549 replacements). Survival analyses were performed overall and separately for 3 age cohorts: 55–64 years (6,781 replacements), 65–74 years (8,821 replacements), and 75 years or older (4,257 replacements).
Results
In all patients aged 55 years or more, the Bi-Metric stem had a higher survival rate for aseptic loosening at 15 years than the cemented reference group: 96% (95% CI: 94–98) vs. 91% (CI: 90–92). However, the 15-year survival rates of the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal (71% (CI: 67–75)) and the Anatomic Mesh/Harris-Galante II (72% (CI: 67–78)) total hip replacements were lower than that of the reference group (86% (CI: 84–87)). Information was scarce for patients aged 75 years or more.
Interpretation
Cementless proximal porous-coated stems are a good option for elderly patients. Even though biological fixation is a reliable fixation method in THA, polyethylene wear and osteolysis remain a serious problem for cementless cup designs with unplugged screw holes and low-quality liners.
Introduction
Results obtained from the Scandinavian arthroplasty registries (Havelin et al. 2000, Puolakka et al. 2001a, Malchau et al. 2002) on a nation-by-nation basis and studies from single centers worldwide (Berry et al. 2002, Wroblewski et al. 2002, Della Valle et al. 2004, Buckwalter et al. 2006, Morshed et al. 2007) have indicated that cemented total hip replacement is the treatment of choice for severe osteoarthritis in elderly patients. However, in a recent study based on data obtained from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register, cementless implants were found to have similar long-term survival rates as cemented implants in patients aged 55 years or more (Mäkelä et al. 2008a). Several studies (Archibeck et al. 2001, Bojescul et al. 2003, Jacobsen et al. 2003, Marshall et al. 2004, Meding et al. 2004, Oosterbos et al. 2004, Parvizi et al. 2004) have shown that the survival rates of cementless stems have been satisfactory for all age groups, but cementless cups have a common problem of liner wear, osteolysis, and high incidence of revision in the medium-to-long term (Barrack et al. 1997, Malchau et al. 1997, Havelin et al. 2002, Duffy et al. 2004).
We therefore separately analyzed the survival rates of the most common cementless designs performed for primary osteoarthritis in patients aged 55 years or older in Finland, and compared the risk of revision for each implant with that of the cemented implant reference group (Mäkelä et al. 2008b). These analyses were carried out on population-based data obtained from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register for the period 1980 through 2005.
Patients and methods
Since 1980, data on total hip replacements have been collected and archived in the Finnish Arthroplasty Register (Paavolainen et al. 1991, Puolakka et al. 2001a). Healthcare authorities, institutions, and orthopedic units in Finland are obliged to provide the National Agency for Medicines with information that is essential for monitoring past and current trends for the efficacious use of materials, approaches, and designs used in orthopedics. The coverage in the Finnish Arthroplasty Register was initially analyzed for the period 1994–1995 by comparing its data with those of the discharge registers of participating hospitals; the Register covered 90% of all implantations performed (Puolakka et al. 2001a). Since 1995, the data in the register have been compared with those of hospital discharge registers every few years. Currently, 98% of implantations are recorded in the Finnish Arthroplasty Register (Peltola 2008).
Study population and inclusion criteria
During the study period (1980–2005), 101,720 primary total hip replacements were performed in Finland. Of these, 87,578 (86%) were performed on patients aged 55 years or older. Primary osteoarthritis was the indication in 71,146 (81%) of these operations; cementless total hip implants were used in 30,112 (42%).
Only designs used in more than 500 operations during the study period and designs with more than 20 hips at risk at 5 years were included in the current study. These criteria permitted the inclusion of 8 designs (10,310 replacements) (Table 1). The risk of revision for each design was compared with that for 9,549 cemented reference implants (Table 2). A 10-year survival rate exceeding 90% is commonly regarded as a good long-term outcome (National Institute of Clinical Excellance, NICE). The 3 best performing cemented designs in Finland (Mäkelä et al. 2008b) fulfilled this criterion and were chosen as reference implants. These 3 cemented designs were the Exeter Universal stem combined with the All-poly cup (Stryker, Mahwah, NJ), the Müller Straight stem combined with the Müller Standard cup (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN), and the Lubinus SP II stem combined with the Lubinus IP cup (Waldemer Link, Hamburg, Germany). Survival analyses were performed for the whole study population and separately for each of 3 age cohorts: 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and older. The data from subgroup analysis were massive and only the data with “any reason” as cause of revision are presented (Table 7).
Table 1.
Demographic data of the implants analyzed
| THR Brands | No. | Mean follow-up | Mean age | Women | (%) No. of hospitals | Period of implantation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HG-II: Harris-Galante II; PCA Std: porous-coated Anatomic Standard; PFU: Press-Fit Universal; ABG: Anatomique Benoist Girard. | ||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 604 | 11.1 | 63 | 56 | 24 | 1989–1997 |
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 508 | 11.6 | 63 | 55 | 23 | 1985–1995 |
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 2,687 | 8.8 | 63 | 49 | 53 | 1986–2001 |
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 637 | 8.7 | 67 | 60 | 11 | 1989–2000 |
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 2,055 | 3.4 | 65 | 48 | 47 | 1998–2005 |
| ABG I/ABG I | 565 | 9.1 | 65 | 55 | 25 | 1992–1997 |
| ABG I/ABG II | 1,765 | 5.9 | 66 | 51 | 36 | 1996–2003 |
| ABG II/ABG II | 1,489 | 2.5 | 67 | 55 | 31 | 2000–2005 |
| Cemented reference | 9,549 | 8.8 | 72 | 66 | 62 | 1980–2005 |
| Together | 19,859 | 7.6 | 68 | 59 | 77 | 1980–2005 |
Table 2.
Material, surface, design features, and manufacturer of the implants. For abbreviations, see Table 1
| THR Brands | Material | Surface | Special design features | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stems | ||||
| Bi-Metric | Titanium alloy | Proximally porous-coated | Straight, collarless | Biomet |
| Anatomic Mesh | Titanium alloy | Proximally porous-coated | Anatomic | Zimmer |
| ABG I | Titanium alloy | Proximally grit-blasted and HA-coated | Anatomic | Stryker Howmedica |
| ABG II | Titanium alloy | Proximally grit-blasted and HA-coated | Anatomic | Stryker Howmedica |
| PCA Standard | CoCr alloy | Proximally porous-coated | Anatomic | Stryker Howmedica |
| Exeter Universal | Stainless steel | Polished | Straight, collarless, cemented | Stryker Howmedica |
| Müller Straight | CoCr alloy | Matt | Straight, small collar, fluted macrostructure | Zimmer |
| Lubinus SP II | CoCr alloy | Matt | Anatomic, collar, modular | Link |
| Cups | ||||
| ABG I | Titanium alloy | Grit-blasted and HA-coated | Hemispherical, open screw-holes | Stryker Howmedica |
| ABG II | Titanium alloy | Grit-blasted and HA-coated | Hemispherical, screw-holes plugged | Stryker Howmedica |
| Biomet Mallory | Titanium alloy | Porous-coated | Hemispherical, open screw-holes, fins | Biomet |
| Biomet Universal | Titanium alloy | Porous-coated | Hemispherical, open screw-holes | Biomet |
| Biomet Vision | Titanium alloy | Porous-coated | Hemispherical, screw-holes plugged | Biomet |
| Harris-Galante II | Titanium alloy | Porous-coated | Hemispherical, open screw-holes | Zimmer |
| PCA Pegged | Cobalt-chromium | Porous-coated | Hemispherical, open screw-holes | Stryker Howmedica |
| Exeter All-poly | Polyethylene | – | Cemented | Stryker Howmedica |
| Müller Std | Polyethylene | – | Cemented | Zimmer |
| Lubinus IP | Polyethylene | – | Groove design | Link |
Table 7.
Survival of cementless total hip replacements and the cemented reference group. Endpoint was defined as revision of the cup and/or the stem for any reason. 7-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were obtained from the Kaplan-Meier analysis. For an explanation of abbreviations, see Table 4
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55–64 | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 385 | 11.2 | 343 | 94 (92–97) | 296 | 89 (86–92) | 57 | 70 (64–76) | 1.18 (0.91–1.54) | 0.2 | |
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 347 | 12.2 | 303 | 91 (88–94) | 262 | 82 (78–86) | 119 | 66 (61–72) | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 0.03 | |
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 1,863 | 9.1 | 1,488 | 93 (92–94) | 872 | 86 (85–88) | 102 | 66 (61–72) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 0.09 | |
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 266 | 9.0 | 224 | 95 (92–97) | 119 | 83 (77–88) | 8 | 72 (61–82) | 1.27 (0.90–1.80) | 0.2 | |
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 1,080 | 3.8 | 96 | 95 (93–97) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1.05 (0.72–1.54) | 0.8 | |
| ABG I/ABG I | 280 | 9.4 | 239 | 90 (87–94) | 174 | 74 (69–80) | 0 | – | 2.13 (1.62–2.81) | < 0.001 | |
| ABG I/ABG II | 746 | 6.0 | 309 | 95 (93–97) | 6 | – | 0 | – | 0.90 (0.62–1.31) | 0.6 | |
| ABG II/ABG II | 610 | 2.4 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1.54 (0.93–2.53) | 0.0 | |
| Cemented | 1,204 | 9.5 | 837 | 92 (91–94) | 616 | 89 (87–91) | 210 | 76 (72–79) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| Subtotal | 6,781 | ||||||||||
| 65–74 | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 186 | 11.3 | 165 | 94 (90–97) | 133 | 90 (86–95) | 34 | 77 (67–87) | 1.05 (0.70–1.56) | 0.8 | |
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 133 | 11.0 | 112 | 91 (86–96) | 85 | 81 (74–88) | 30 | 70 (61–80) | 1.78 (1.23–2.58) | 0.002 | |
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 740 | 8.5 | 525 | 94 (92–96) | 320 | 90 (87–93) | 45 | 85 (81–89) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.4 | |
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 274 | 8.8 | 223 | 95 (92–98) | 119 | 91 (87–95) | 2 | – | 0.88 (0.57–1.34) | 0.5 | |
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 850 | 3.1 | 51 | 94 (90–97) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1.10 (0.74–1.63) | 0.6 | |
| ABG I/ABG I | 238 | 9.0 | 187 | 91 (87–95) | 142 | 86 (81–91) | 0 | – | 1.34 (0.93–1.92) | 0.1 | |
| ABG I/ABG II | 789 | 5.9 | 311 | 98 (96–99) | 8 | – | 0 | – | 0.48 (0.31–0.75) | 0.001 | |
| ABG II/ABG II | 647 | 2.4 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1.62 (1.05–2.51) | 0.03 | |
| Cemented | 4,964 | 9.3 | 3,446 | 94 (93–95) | 2,635 | 90 (89–91) | 722 | 85 (83–87) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| Subtotal 8,821 | |||||||||||
| >75 | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 33 | 8.9 | 25 | 90 (80–100) | 17 | – | 2 | – | 1.69 (0.54–5.32) | 0.4 | |
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 28 | 7.6 | 18 | – | 8 | – | 1 | – | 2.44 (0.78–7.66) | 0.1 | |
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 84 | 5.6 | 31 | 93 (86–99) | 14 | – | 1 | – | 1.60 (0.65–3.90) | 0.3 | |
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 97 | 8.1 | 73 | 98 (95–100) | 39 | 1 | – | 0.45 (0.11–1.80) | 0.3 | ||
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 125 | 2.8 | 6 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 2.09 (0.92–4.77) | 0.08 | |
| ABG I/ABG I | 47 | 8.0 | 33 | 100 (100–100) | 21 | 100 (100–100) | 0 | – | – | – | |
| ABG I/ABG II | 230 | 5.6 | 82 | 97 (94–99) | 1 | – | 0 | – | 0.70 (0.31–1.60) | 0.4 | |
| ABG II/ABG II | 232 | 2.6 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1.69 (0.85–3.35) | 0.1 | |
| Cemented | 3,381 | 7.6 | 1,954 | 96 (95–97) | 1,198 | 95 (94–96) | 186 | 94 (92–95) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| Subtotal | 4,257 | ||||||||||
| All (≥ 55 years) | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 604 | 11.1 | 532 | 94 (92–96) | 446 | 89 (87–92) | 93 | 72 (67–78) | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) | 0.1 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.6 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.32 (1.01–1.72) | 0.04 | |||||||||
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 508 | 11.6 | 433 | 91 (89–94) | 354 82 (79–86) | 149 | 67 (62–72) | 1.51 (1.24–1.83) | < 0.001 | ||
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.26 (0.91–1.75) | 0.2 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.52 (1.18–1.95) | 0.001 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 2,687 | 8.8 | 2,044 | 93 (92–94) | 1,205 | 87 (86–89) | 147 | 71 (67–75) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 0.2 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.8 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 0.1 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 637 | 8.8 | 519 | 95 (93–97) | 277 | 89 (85–92) | 10 | – | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 0.7 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.76 (0.52–1.12) | 0.2 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.43 (1.00–2.05) | 0.05 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 2,055 | 3.4 | 153 | 95 (93–96) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.9 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 0.9 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 2.75 (0.38–19.9) | 0.3 | |||||||||
| ABG I/ABG I | 565 | 9.1 | 458 | 91 (89–94) | 336 | 81 (77–84) | 0 | – | 1.74 (1.41–2.15) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.27 (0.92–1.74) | 0.1 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 2.30 (1.73–3.06) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| ABG I/ABG II | 1,765 | 5.9 | 701 | 96 (95–97) | 14 | – | 0 | – | 0.66 (0.51–0.86) | 0.002 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.63 (0.48–0.84) | 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.69 (0.28–1.69) | 0.4 | |||||||||
| ABG II/ABG II | 1,489 | 2.5 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1.52 (1.13–2.05) | 0.006 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.46 (1.08–1.97) | 0.01 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | – | – | |||||||||
| Cemented | 9,549 | 8.8 | 6,237 | 94 (94–95) | 4,449 | 91 (91–92) | 1,117 | 86 (84–87) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| Total | 19,859 | ||||||||||
Revisions were linked to the primary operation by using the patient's personal identification number; these numbers are assigned to every resident of Finland. Numbers and indications for revision were recorded (Table 3).
Table 3.
Reasons for revision of the 8 most common cementless brands and the cemented reference designs. Percentage in parentheses. For prosthesis types, see Table 1
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A THR brand | |||||||||||
| B No. of primary operations | |||||||||||
| C Aseptic loosening (cup + stem) | |||||||||||
| D Aseptic loosening (cup) | |||||||||||
| E Aseptic loosening (stem) | |||||||||||
| F Infection | |||||||||||
| G Dislocation | |||||||||||
| H Malposition | |||||||||||
| I Fracture of the prosthesis | |||||||||||
| J Periprosthetic fracture | |||||||||||
| K Any other reason | |||||||||||
| L Together | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 604 | 17 (15) | 23 (20) | 17 (15) | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 7 (6) | 4 (4) | 2 (2) | 39 (35) | 113 |
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 508 | 19 (14) | 81 (60) | 19 (14) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 10 (7) | 135 |
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 2,687 | 26 (8) | 67 (19) | 10 (3) | 9 (3) | 57 (17) | 14 (4) | 16 (5) | 15 (4) | 131 (38) | 345 |
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 637 | 5 (8) | 11 (17) | 3 (5) | 1 (2) | 12 (19) | 3 (5) | 5 (8) | 3 (5) | 21 (33) | 64 |
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 2,055 | 11 (16) | 1 (1) | 6 (9) | 8 (12) | 28 (41) | 5 (7) | 0 (0) | 4 (6) | 6 (9) | 69 |
| ABG I/ABG I | 565 | 10 (9) | 27 (26) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 6 (6) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 6 (6) | 47 (44) | 106 |
| ABG I/ABG II | 1,765 | 1 (2) | 6 (10) | 2 (3) | 5 (8) | 13 (21) | 10 (16) | 1 (2) | 10 (16) | 15 (24) | 63 |
| ABG II/ABG II | 1,489 | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) | 10 (20) | 7 (14) | 4 (8) | 19 (37) | 2 (4) | 51 |
| Cemented reference | 9,549 | 227 (28) | 142 (18) | 253 (32) | 38 (5) | 73 (9) | 20 (3) | 5 (1) | 24 (3) | 16 (2) | 798 |
| Together | 19,859 | 318 (18) | 359 (21) | 316 (18) | 67 (4) | 204 (12) | 71 (4) | 38 (2) | 84 (5) | 287 (17) | 1,744 |
Statistics
The endpoint for survival was defined as revision when any component (including femoral head and liner) or the whole implant was removed or exchanged. Survival rates for stems and cups were analyzed separately with revision for aseptic loosening being used as the endpoint. When survival analyses were conducted for total hip replacements (cup + stem combinations), both revision for any reason and revision for aseptic loosening served as discrete endpoints. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate the survival probabilities of implants at 7, 10, and 15 years. The survival rate of any respective implant was determined only when there were at least 20 hips at risk at the follow-up point (Furnes et al. 2001). Patients who had died or emigrated from Finland during the follow-up period were censored at that point. Survival data obtained by Kaplan-Meier analysis were compared by the log-rank test. The Cox multiple regression model was used to study differences between implants and to adjust for potential confounding factors.
Both Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression are methods based on assumptions of independent observations. However, bilateral observations cannot be regarded as being independent (Robertsson and Ranstam 2003, Bryant et al. 2006). Violation of this independence assumption may have an effect on the validity of the results. To avoid this violation, the data analysis could be performed by allowing inclusion of correlated observations, e.g. including only one prosthesis per patient or by including a shared frailty variable in the Cox regression. In the current study, however, bilateral observations were included in the dataset analyzed. It has been found that the effect of neglecting bilateral prostheses is minute (Havelin et al. 1995, Robertsson and Ranstam 2003, Lie et al. 2004).
Risk of revision ratios of stems, cups, and total hip replacements (cup + stem combinations) were analyzed. Adjustments were made for age and sex. The 3 best performing cemented designs in Finland were chosen as reference implants (Mäkelä et al. 2008b). The survival data of these cemented designs were combined to form a single reference group. Cox regression analyses provided survival probabilities and adjusted risk ratios for revision. Estimates derived from the Cox analyses were used to construct adjusted survival curves at mean values of the risk factors. The proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model (meaning that the relative difference between revision rates should be constant over time since the primary operation) was not reached in some analyses performed. Thus, adjusted risk ratios were also established within time intervals (0–7 years, 7 years after the primary operation). The Wald test was used to calculate the p-values for data obtained from the Cox multiple regression analyses. A difference between groups was considered to be statistically significant if the p-value was less than 0.05 in a two-tailed test.
Results
Survival of stems – aseptic loosening
When all patients aged 55 years or more were analyzed as a single group, the Bi-Metric stem had a higher survival rate at 15 years than the reference group. The Cox regression analysis revealed that all cementless stems studied had a statistically significantly reduced risk of revision during the first 7 years after the primary operation when compared to the reference group (Table 4). Beyond 7 years of follow-up, the Bi-Metric and the ABG I stems still showed significantly lower revision risks than the cemented reference group (Table 4, Figure 1A).
Table 4.
Survival of cementless stems and the cemented reference group. Endpoint was defined as revision due to aseptic loosening of the stem. 7-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were obtained from the Kaplan-Meier analysis. For prosthesis types, see Table 1
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Age group | |||||||||||
| B Brand of stem | |||||||||||
| C Number of operations | |||||||||||
| D Mean follow-up (in years) | |||||||||||
| E At risk (7-year) | |||||||||||
| F % 7-year survival (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| G At risk (10-year) | |||||||||||
| H % 10-year survival (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| I At risk (15-year) | |||||||||||
| J % 15-year survival (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| K Adjusted RR a for revision (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| L p-value | |||||||||||
| a RR: risk ratio from the Cox regression analysis (other stem brands compared to the cemented reference stems, with adjustment made for age and sex) | |||||||||||
| All (≥ 55 years) | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh | 604 | 11.1 | 532 | 98 (97–99) | 444 | 96 (94–98) | 91 | 92 (89–95) | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) | 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.38 (0.21–0.71) | 0.002 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.64 (0.40–1.00) | 0.05 | |||||||||
| PCA Std | 508 | 11.6 | 430 | 98 (96–99) | 351 | 95 (92–97) | 146 | 89 (86–93) | 0.62 (0.44–0.88) | 0.007 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) | 0.02 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.68 (0.44–1.05) | 0.08 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric | 5,379 | 6.8 | 2,698 | 99 (99–99) | 1,463 | 99 (98–99) | 154 | 96 (94–98) | 0.20 (0.15–0.27) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.18 (0.12–0.26) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.24 (0.16–0.37) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| ABG I | 2,330 | 6.7 | 1,152 | 100 (99–100) | 342 | 98 (97–99) | 0 | – | 0.15 (0.09–0.25) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.08 (0.04–0.18) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.40 (0.20–0.80) | 0.009 | |||||||||
| ABG II | 1,489 | 2.5 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0.31(0.13–0.76) | 0.01 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.31 (0.13–0.76) | 0.01 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | – | – | |||||||||
| Cemented | 9,549 | 8.8 | 6,231 | 97 (96–97) | 4,442 | 95 (94–95) | 1,115 | 91 (90–92) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| Total | 19,859 | ||||||||||
Figure 1.
Cox-adjusted survival curves for 19,859 stems and 19,859 cups in patients aged 55 years or older with stem designs (panel A) or cup designs (panel B) as the strata factors. The endpoint was defined as stem (A) or cup (B) revision due to aseptic loosening. Adjustment was made for age and sex. For an explanation of abbreviations, see Table 4.
For the age groups 55–64 years and 65–74 years, the Bi-Metric stem had a higher 15-year survival rate than the reference group (95% (CI: 92–97) vs. 84% (CI: 80–87) and 98% (CI: 97–99) vs. 90% (CI: 89–91), respectively).
Survival of cups – aseptic loosening
When all patients aged 55 years or more were analyzed as a single group, the survival of the PCA Pegged cup at 15 years was lower than that of the reference group. Apart from this exception, there were no differences in survival rates between cementless cups and that of the reference group at 15-years. The Cox regression analysis revealed that the PCA Pegged cup had a significantly increased risk of revision both during the first 7 years postoperatively and beyond 7 years of follow-up. Furthermore, during the first 7 years the Press-Fit Universal, the Mallory, the Vision, and the ABG II cups had significantly reduced risks of revision compared to the reference group (Table 5). Beyond 7 years of follow-up, however, the lower revision risk remained only for the Press-Fit Universal cup (Table 5, Figure 1B). The number of Vision and ABG II cups for analysis beyond 7 years was low (Table 5).
Table 5.
Survival of cementless cups and the cemented reference group. Endpoint was defined as revision due to aseptic loosening of the cup. 7-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were obtained from the Kaplan-Meier analysis. For abbreviations, see Table 4
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (≥ 55 years) | |||||||||||
| HG-II | 604 | 11.1 | 531 | 99 (98–100) | 445 | 97 (95–98) | 92 | 88 (84–92) | 0.75 (0.53–1.05) | 0.09 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.50 (0.24–1.03) | 0.0 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.82 (0.56–1.22) | 0.3 | |||||||||
| PCA Pegged | 508 | 11.6 | 432 | 94 (92–96) | 353 | 86 (83–89) | 148 | 75 (70–80) | 1.91 (1.49–2.44) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 2.21 (1.44–3.38) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.70 (1.26–2.30) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| PFU | 2,687 | 8.8 | 2,035 | 98 (97–99) | 1,192 | 97 (96–98) | 145 | 91 (87–94) | 0.54 (0.42–0.70) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) | 0.04 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.45 (0.32–0.64) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Mallory | 637 | 8.8 | 517 | 99 (98–100) | 275 | 96 (94–98) | 10 | – | 0.52 (0.31–0.86) | 0.01 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.35 (0.14–0.85) | 0.02 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.68 (0.37–1.26) | 0.2 | |||||||||
| Vision | 2,055 | 3.4 | 152 | 99 (98–100) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) | 0.019 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.51 (0.27–0.97) | 0.04 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 3.39 (0.47–24.8) | 0.2 | |||||||||
| ABG I | 565 | 9.1 | 454 | 98 (96–99) | 330 | 93 (90–95) | 0 | – | 1.17 (0.83–1.66) | 0.4 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.81 (0.43–1.52) | 0.5 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.46 (0.96–2.24) | 0.08 | |||||||||
| ABG II | 3,254 | 4.3 | 700 | 99 (99–100) | 14 | – | 0 | – | 0.20 (0.11–0.38) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.22 (0.11–0.43) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.19 (0.03–1.37) | 0.1 | |||||||||
| Cemented | 9,549 | 8.8 | 6,221 | 98 (98–98) | 4,441 | 96 (96–97) | 1,113 | 92 (91–93) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| Total | 19,859 | ||||||||||
For patients aged 55–64 years, the HG-II cup (87% (CI: 82–91)) and the PFU cup (88% (CI: 84–93)) had similar survival rates at 15 years as the reference cups (85% (CI 81-88)). For patients aged 65–74 years, the PFU cup had higher survival rate at 15 years than the reference group (96% (CI: 94–98) vs. 92% (CI: 91–93)].
Survival of total hip replacements (cup + stem combinations) – aseptic loosening
When all patients aged 55 years or more were analyzed as a single group, the 15-year survival of the PCA Standard/PCA Pegged was lower than that of the reference group. The Cox regression analysis revealed that the PCA Standard/PCA Pegged had a significantly increased risk of revision beyond 7 years of follow-up. In contrast, all other cementless cup designs showed lower risk of revision than the cemented reference group during the first 7 years, and the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal, the Bi-Metric/Mallory, and the ABG I/ABGII even beyond 7 years (Figure 2A, Table 6). Beyond 7 years, the number of Bi-Metric/Vision THRs was low (Table 6).
Figure 2.
Cox-adjusted survival curves for 19,859 total hip replacements in patients aged 55 years or older with total hip replacement design as the strata factor. The endpoint was defined as revision of the stem and/or the cup due to aseptic loosening (panel A) or as revision for any reason (B). Adjustment was made for age and sex. For an explanation of abbreviations, see Table 4.
Table 6.
Survival of cementless total hip replacements and the cemented reference group. Endpoint was defined as revision due to aseptic loosening of the cup and/or the stem. 7-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were obtained from the Kaplan-Meier analysis. For abbreviations, see Table 4
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ≥ 55 years) | |||||||||||
| Anatomic Mesh/HG-II | 604 | 11.1 | 532 | 97 (96–98) | 445 | 94 (92–96) | 92 | 85 (80–89) | 0.68 (0.51–0.90) | 0.006 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.52 (0.32–0.86) | 0.01 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.1 | |||||||||
| PCA Std/PCA Pegged | 508 | 11.6 | 433 | 92 (90–95) | 354 | 83 (80–87) | 148 | 71 (66–76) | 1.48 (1.19–1.83) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) | 0.09 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.46 (1.11–1.92) | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric/PFU | 2,687 | 8.8 | 2,035 | 98 (97–98) | 1,192 | 96 (96–97) | 145 | 90 (87–93) | 0.37 (0.29–0.46) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.39 (0.29–0.54) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.34 (0.25–0.47) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric/Mallory | 637 | 8.8 | 517 | 99 (98–100) | 275 | 96 (94–98) | 10 | – | 0.36 (0.23–0.58) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.27 (0.13–0.55) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.48 (0.26–0.88) | 0.02 | |||||||||
| Bi-Metric/Vision | 2,055 | 3.4 | 152 | 99 (98–99) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0.37 (0.23–0.60) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.37 (0.23–0.62) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 2.53 (0.35–18.4) | 0.4 | |||||||||
| ABG I/ABG I | 565 | 9.1 | 455 | 97 (96–99) | 330 | 92 (90–95) | 0 | – | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 0.09 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.51 (0.29–0.87) | 0.01 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.03 (0.68–1.55) | 0.9 | |||||||||
| ABG I/ABG II | 1,765 | 5.9 | 700 | 99 (99–100) | 14 | – | 0 | – | 0.12 (0.06–0.22) | < 0.001 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.12 (0.06–0.24) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 0.13 (0.02–0.93) | 0.04 | |||||||||
| ABG II/ABG II | 1,489 | 2.5 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0.33 (0.15–0.74) | 0.007 | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 0.34 (0.15–0.76) | 0.009 | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | – | – | |||||||||
| Cemented | 9,549 | 8.8 | 6,234 | 96 (96–96) | 4,447 | 93 (93–94) | 1,116 | 88 (87–89) | 1.0 (reference) | – | |
| FU ≤ 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| FU > 7 years | 1.0 (reference) | – | |||||||||
| Total | 19,859 | ||||||||||
For patients aged 55–64 years, the 15-year survival rate of the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal was higher than that for the reference group (88% (CI: 84–92) vs. 78% (CI: 74–82)). For patients aged 65–74 years also, the survival rate at 15 years of the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal (95% (CI: 93–98)) was higher than that for the reference group (87% (CI: 86–89%)).
Survival of total hip replacements (cup + stem combinations) – all revisions
When all patients aged 55 years or more were analyzed as a single group, the survival rate at 15 years of the cementless designs was lower than that for the reference group. The Cox regression analysis revealed that during the first 7 years postoperatively, the ABG I/ABGII had a significantly reduced risk of revision compared to the cemented reference group (Table 7). Furthermore, the ABG II/ABG II combination was the only design to show an increased risk of revision during the first 7 years after the primary operation (Table 7). Beyond 7 years of follow-up, however, several cementless designs (the Anatomic Mesh/HG-II, the PCA Standard/PCA Pegged, and the ABG I/ABG I) showed higher risk of revision than the cemented reference group (Table 7, Figure 2B), and none of the cementless designs had a lower risk of revision than the reference group beyond 7 years. Beyond 7 years, the number of ABG I/ABG II THRs was low (Table 7).During the first 7 years postoperatively in the patients aged 55–64 years, the risk ratio for revision of cementless THRs for any reason was not significantly different from that of the cemented reference group (Table 7). Beyond 7 years of follow-up, however, the revision risk of the Anatomic Mesh/HG-II (RR = 1.6, CI: 1.2–2.2), the PCA Std/PCA Pegged (RR = 1.5, CI: 1.1–2.1), the Bi-Metric/PFU (RR = 1.5, CI: 1.1–1.9), the Bi-Metric/Mallory (RR = 2.0, CI: 1.3–3.1), and the ABG I/ABG I (RR = 3.2, CI: 2.3–4.6) was higher than that of the reference group.
During the first 7 years in the patients aged 65–74 years, the risk ratio for revision due of cementless THRs for any reason was not significantly different from that of the cemented reference group, except that the ABG I/ABG II had a reduced risk of revision compared to that of the reference group (RR = 0.45, CI: 0.28–0.72). Beyond 7 years of follow-up, the risk ratio for revision due of cementless THRs for any reason was not significantly different from that of the cemented reference group, except that the PCA Std/PCA Pegged (RR = 2.0, CI: 1.3–3.3) had an increased risk of revision compared to the reference group.
Discussion
We found that the survival rate for aseptic loosening of the best performing cementless stems in patients aged 55–74 years was higher than that of the cemented reference stems. Biological fixation in itself seems to be a reliable method in THA of elderly patients. However, the survival rate of the cemented reference implants for any reason was higher than that of cementless implants. Polyethylene wear and osteolysis remain a serious problem with all cementless cup designs with unplugged screw-holes and poor liners. A longer follow-up is required in order to determine whether cups with plugged screw-holes and modern liner options provide any solution to the wear-problem.
Registry-based studies have certain limitations. The coverage of the Finnish Arthroplasty Register before the period 1994–1995 was only 90% (Puolakka et al. 2001a). The missing 10% of implant data may have caused bias in our study. It is also possible that only a few centers performed most of the implantations of certain designs. However, a single center with poor results would be unlikely to have a major effect on the results in a study with such a high number of implants. Moreover, it is the purpose of registry studies to evaluate population-based results, including hospitals of variable standards. Another possible limitation of registry-based studies is their single definition of failure, i.e. a revision operation. There may be patients with osteolysis or loosened implants who are too ill to undergo revision surgery or who simply prefer not to do so. Furthermore, the adjustments in the Cox model in our study were performed only for 2 confounders: age and sex. Many other potential confounders, such as antibiotic prophylaxis or hospital operative volume, may be associated with the relationship between implant brand and revision rate.
The implant designs varied over the long study period (Table 1). Some of the 3 cemented designs we used as the reference group were implanted over the whole study period, starting in 1980. Any recent developments in cementing techniques that were adopted may have resulted in higher long-term survival rates for those prostheses that were implanted later in the study period (Herberts and Malchau 2000, Malchau et al. 2002). However, the cemented implants we chose were the best performing designs in the Finnish Register regardless of the time period they were implanted (Mäkelä et al. 2008b).
The proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model (meaning that the relative difference between revision rates should be constant over time since the primary operation) was not reached in some analyses. Thus, adjusted risk ratios were also established within time intervals (0–7 years and > 7 years after the primary operation). Follow-up beyond 7 years revealed that the results of cementless cups, and therefore of cementless THRs, detoriate with time.
The revision rates that we found for cementless implants were similar to previous findings (Malchau et al. 1997, Thanner et al. 1999, Xenos et al. 1999, Archibeck et al. 2001, Puolakka et al. 2001b, Giannikas et al. 2002, Bojescul et al. 2003, Jacobsen et al. 2003, Duffy et al. 2004, Herrera et al. 2004, Marshall et al. 2004, Moskal et al. 2004, Oosterbos et al. 2004, Kim 2005, Eskelinen et al. 2006, Castoldi et al. 2007, Firestone et al. 2007, Surdam et al. 2007).
We found a higher long-term survival rate for the Bi-Metric stem than for the reference stems in patients aged 55–74 years. When revisions for aseptic loosening were analyzed, the Press-Fit Universal cup was found to have a long-term survival rate similar to those of the reference cups in patients aged 55–74 years. In Finland, Biomet cups were used with Hexloc liners until 1995, and with Ringloc liners after that. In an earlier study based on data from the Finnish Register, survivorship of the Press-Fit Universal cups with Hexloc liners was poor (Puolakka et al. 1999). Reasons for increased wear of Hexloc liners were thin polyethylene, poor quality of the polyethylene, cylindrical design, and a poor locking mechanism (Puolakka et al. 1999, 2001b). Furthermore, the screw-holes of Press-Fit Universal cups were unplugged. In the present study, the survival rate of the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal at 15 years was lower than that of the cemented reference group when all revisions were taken into account. However, the adjusted risk of revision of the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal for any reason was similar to that of the reference group. This finding is probably influenced by the positive effect of Ringloc liners (starting in 1995) on the results with the Bi-Metric/Press-Fit Universal. Unfortunately, it is not possible to analyze the survival rate of the Press-Fit Universal cups with Hexloc liners and with Ringloc liners separately in the Finnish Register data. Revision risk for any reason with the Bi-Metric/Vision was similar to that for the cemented reference group (Table 7, Figure 2B). However, survival rates at 10-years for the Vision cup with Ringloc-liners and plugged screw-holes are not yet available.
The survival rate for aseptic loosening of the Anatomic Mesh/Harris-Galante II at 15 years was not significantly different from that of the cemented reference group. Nonetheless, the survival rate of the Anatomic Mesh/HG-II for any reason at 15 years was poor. Again, this finding can be attributed to wear-related factors. The Anatomic Mesh/Harris-Galante II is no longer being implanted in patients in Finland.
The 15-year survival rate for the PCA Standard stem in our study was lower than those for the best-performing stems. The PCA Standard/PCA Pegged prosthesis is no longer being implanted in patients in Finland.
The 10-year survival rate of the ABG I/ABG I for any reason was lower than that for the reference group. However, the survival rate of the ABG I stem at 10 years for aseptic loosening was higher than that for the reference group. For this reason, and because of poor liners in the ABG I cup design, in Finland the ABG I stem has been widely used along with the ABG II cup with plugged screw-holes and thicker Duration liners consisting of stabilized polyethylene (Stryker, Mahwah, NJ). In our study, the risk of revision of the ABG I/ABG II for any reason in patients aged 65–74 was lower than that for the reference group when all revisions were taken into account (Table 7, Figure 2B). However, the survival rates for the ABG I/ABG II at 10 years are not yet available. Survivorship of modular cementless cups may dramatically worsen after 7–10 years of follow-up due to excessive wear and osteolysis, as indicated by the beyond-7-years survival analysis in our study. Thus, it is too early to draw any definite conclusions about the long-term success of this hip implant.
The ABG II stem differs from the ABG I stem regarding its titanium alloy composition, its stem geometry, its macrotexture, its conus size, and the option with Zirkonia heads (ABG II Cement-Free Hip System). The risk of revision of the ABG II/ABG II for any reason was higher than that for the reference group. The mean follow-up time for the ABG II/ABG II was short: only 2.5 years (Table 1). The proportion of periprothetic fractures for all revisions of the ABG II/ABG II was high: 37% (Table 3). This finding is in accordance with clinical experience in Finland. The ABG II stem appears to be vulnerable to perioperative periprothetic femoral fractures, due to its anatomical and conical shape. There were only 3 aseptic loosenings of the ABG II stem during the study period (Table 3). The problem with an early aseptic loosening of a cementless stem is that there may not have been any osseointegration at all from the beginning, due to undersizing or some other technical failure. Thus, strictly speaking any associated loosening could not have happened either. A longer follow-up time is needed to determine whether either the ABG I/ABG II or the ABG II/ABG II provides a long-term solution to the wear problem. Only a few Zirkonia head or liner fractures have been reported in Finland (Table 3).
For patients aged 75 years and older, the survival rates were similar between cementless implants and the cemented reference group, except that the PCA Pegged cup had an increased risk of revision compared to the cemented reference group. This is in accordance with the results of a previous report from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register (Mäkelä et al. 2008a). However, there was little information for this subgroup.
In conclusion, cementless, proximal porous-coated stems are a good option for elderly patients. Polyethylene wear and osteolysis remain a problem for cementless designs with unplugged screw-holes and low-quality liners.
Acknowledgments
KTM, AE, PPa, and VR: design of the protocol and writing of the manuscript. KTM, AE, and PPu: data analysis.
No competing interests declared.
References
- 1.ABG II Cement Free Hip System www.stryker.fr/st pdf abgiicementlesssystem.pdf. (date last accessed 110808)
- 2.Archibeck MJ, Berger RA, Jacobs JJ, Quigley LR, Gitelis S, Rosenberg AG, Galante JO. Second-generation cementless total hip arthroplasty. Eight- to eleven-year results. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2001;83:1666–73. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200111000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Barrack RL, Folgueras A, Munn B, Tvetden D, Sharkey P. Pelvic lysis and polyethylene wear at 5–8 years in a cementless total hip. Clin Orthop. 1997;((335)):211–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Berry DJ, Harmsen WS, Cabanela ME, Morrey BF. Twenty-five-year survivorship of two thousand consecutive primary Charnley total hip replacements. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2002;84:171–7. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200202000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Bojescul JA, Xenos JS, Callaghan JJ, Savory CG. Results of porous-coated anatomic total hip arthroplasty without cement at fifteen years; a concise follow-up of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2003;85:1079–83. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200306000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Bryant D, Havey TC, Roberts R, Guyatt G. How many patients? How many limbs? Analysis of patients or limbs in the orthopaedic literature: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006;88:41–5. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Buckwalter AE, Callaghan JJ, Liu SS, Pedersen DR, Goetz DD, Sullivan PM, Leinen JA, Johnston RC. Results of Charnley total hip arthroplasty with use of improved femoral cementing techniques: a concise follow-up, at a minimum of twenty-five years of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006;88:1481–5. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Castoldi F, Rossi R, LaRussa M, Sibelli P, Rossi P, Ranawat AS. Ten-year survivorship of the Anatomique Benoist Girard I total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:363–8. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2006.05.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Della Valle CJ, Kaplan K, Jazrawi A, Ahmed S, Jaffe WL. Primary total hip arthroplasty with a flanged cemented all-polyethylene acetabular component: evaluation at a minimum of 20 years. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:23–6. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2003.08.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Duffy P, Sher JL, Partington PF. Premature wear and osteolysis in an HA-coated cementless total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2004;86:34–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Eskelinen A, Remes V, Helenius I, Pulkkinen P, Nevalainen J, Paavolainen P. Uncemented total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis in young patients: a mid- to long-term follow-up study from the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry. Acta Orthop. 2006;77:57–70. doi: 10.1080/17453670610045704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Firestone DE, Callaghan JJ, Liu SS, Goetz DD, Sullivan PM, Vittetoe DA, Johnston RC. Total hip arthroplasty with a cemented, polished collared femoral stem and a cementless acetabular component. A follow-up study at a minimum of ten years. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2007;89:126–32. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.01214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Furnes O, Lie SA, Espehaug B, Vollset SE, Engesaeter LB, Havelin LI. Hip disease and the prognosis of total hip replacements. A review of 53,698 primary total hip replacements reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register 1987–99. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2001;83:579–86. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.83b4.11223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Giannikas KA, Din R, Sadiq S, Dunningham TH. Medium-term results of the ABG total hip arthroplasty in young patients. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:184–8. doi: 10.1054/arth.2002.29394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Havelin LI, Espehaug B, Vollset SE, Engesaeter LB. The effect of the type of cement on early revision of Charnley total hip prosthesis. A review of eight thousand five hundred and seventy-nine primary arthroplasties from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1995;77:1543–50. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199510000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Havelin LI, Engesaeter LB, Espehaug B, Furnes O, Lie SA, Vollset SE. The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register: 11 years and 73,000 arthroplasties. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000;71:337–53. doi: 10.1080/000164700317393321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Havelin LI, Espehaug B, Engesaeter LB. The performance of two hydroxyapatite-coated acetabular cups compared with Charnley cups. From the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2002;84:839–45. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.84b6.12492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Herberts P, Malchau H. Long-term registration has improved the quality of hip replacement. A review of the Swedish THR Register comparing 160,000 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000;71:111–21. doi: 10.1080/000164700317413067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Herrera A, Canales V, Anderson J, Garcia-Araujo C, Murcia-Mazon A, Tonino AJ. Seven to 10 years followup of an Anatomic hip prosthesis: an international study. Clin Orthop. 2004;((423)):129–37. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000128973.73132.0b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Jacobsen S, Jensen F K, Poulsen K, Sturup J, Retpen JB. Good performance of a titanium femoral component in cementless hip arthroplasty in younger patients: 97 arthroplasties followed for 5–11 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003;74:375–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Kim YH. Long-term results of the cementless porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2005;87:623–7. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.87B5.15554. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Lie SA, Engesaeter LB, Havelin LI, Gjessing HK, Vollset SE. Dependency issues in survival analyses of 55,782 primary hip replacements from 47,355 patients. Stat Med. 2004;23:3227–40. doi: 10.1002/sim.1905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Malchau H, Wang YX, Kärrholm J, Herberts P. Scandinavian multicenter porous coated anatomic total hip arthroplasty study. Clinical and radiographic results with 7- to 10-year follow-up evaluation. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:133–48. doi: 10.1016/s0883-5403(97)90059-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Malchau H, Herberts P, Eisler T, Garellick G, Soderman P. The Swedish Total Hip Replacement Register. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) (Suppl 2) 2002;84:2–20. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200200002-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Marshall AD, Mokris JG, Reitman RD, Dandar A, Mauerhan DR. Cementless titanium tapered-wedge femoral stem: 10- to 15-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:546–52. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2004.01.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Meding JB, Keating EM, Ritter MA, Faris PM, Berend ME. Minimum ten-year follow-up of a straight-stemmed, plasma-sprayed, titanium-alloy cementless femoral component in primary total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2004;86:92–7. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200401000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Morshed S, Bozic KJ, Ries MD, Malchau H, Colford Jr JM. Comparison of cemented and uncemented fixation in total hip replacement. A meta-analysis. Acta Orthop. 2007;78:315–26. doi: 10.1080/17453670710013861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Moskal JT, Jordan L, Brown TE. The porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis 11- to 13-year results. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:837–44. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2004.01.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Mäkelä KT, Eskelinen A, Pulkkinen P, Paavolainen P, Remes V. Total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis in patients 55 years or older – 50,968 primary replacements followed for up to 25 years in the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2008a;90:2160–70. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Mäkelä K, Eskelinen A, Pulkkinen P, Paavolainen P, Remes V. Cemented total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis in patients aged 55 years or older: results of the 12 most common cemented replacements followed for 0-25 years obtained from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2008b;90:1562–9. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.90B12.21151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.National Institute for Clinical Excellance (NICE) Guidance on the Selection of prostheses for primary total hip replacement. http://www.nice.org.uk/nice_issues_guidance_to_the_nhs_on_artificial_hip_joints.jsp .
- 32.Oosterbos CJ, Rahmy AI, Tonino AJ, Witpeerd W. High survival rate of hydroxyapatite-coated hip prostheses: 100 consecutive hips followed for 10 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004;75:127–33. doi: 10.1080/00016470412331294365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Paavolainen P, Hamalainen M, Mustonen H, Slatis P. Registration of arthroplasties in Finland. A nationwide prospective project. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl 241) 1991:27–30. doi: 10.3109/17453679109155101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Parvizi J, Keisu KS, Hozack WJ, Sharkey PF, Rothman RH. Primary total hip arthroplasty with an uncemented femoral component: a long-term study of the Taperloc stem. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:151–6. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2003.10.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Peltola M, National Institute for Health and Wellfare Personal communication.
- 36.Puolakka TJ, Pajamaki KJ, Pulkkinen PO, Nevalainen JK. Poor survival of cementless Biomet total hip: a report on 1,047 hips from the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry. Acta Orthop Scand. 1999;70:425–9. doi: 10.3109/17453679909000975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Puolakka TJ, Pajamaki KJ, Halonen PJ, Pulkkinen PO, Paavolainen P, Nevalainen JK. The Finnish Arthroplasty Register: report of the hip register. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001a;72:433–41. doi: 10.1080/000164701753532745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Puolakka TJ, Laine HJ, Moilanen TP, Koivisto AM, Pajamaki KJ. Alarming wear of the first-generation polyethylene liner of the cementless porous-coated Biomet Universal cup: 107 hips followed for mean 6 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001b;72:1–7. doi: 10.1080/000164701753759546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Robertsson O, Ranstam J. No bias of ignored bilaterality when analyzing the revision risk of knee prostheses: Analysis of a population based sample of 44,590 patients with 55,298 knee prostheses from the national Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2003;4:1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-4-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Surdam JW, Archibeck MJ, Schultz SC, Jr, Junick DW, White RE. A second-generation cementless total hip arthroplasty mean 9-year results. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:204–9. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2006.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Thanner J, Kärrholm J, Malchau H, Herberts P. Poor outcome of the PCA and Harris-Galante hip prostheses. Randomized study of 171 arthroplasties with 9-year follow-up. Acta Orthop Scand. 1999;70:155–62. doi: 10.3109/17453679909011255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Wroblewski BM, Siney PD, Fleming PA. Charnley low-frictional torque arthroplasty in patients under the age of 51 years: follow-up to 33 years. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2002;84:540–3. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.84b4.10293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Xenos JS, Callaghan JJ, Heekin RD, Hopkinson WJ, Savory CG, Moore MS. The porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis inserted without cement: a prospective study with a minimum of ten years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1999;81:74–82. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199901000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]