TABLE 3.
Logistic Regression With Random Effects Predicting Medicaid-Reimbursed Psychotropic Medication Use Among Children With ASDs (N = 60 641)
| Parameter | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|
| Female | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | .0093 |
| Age (reference is 0- to 2-y-olds), y | ||
| 3–5 | 1.88 (1.56–2.28) | <.0001 |
| 6–11 | 4.88 (4.05–5.88) | |
| 12–17 | 8.01 (6.63–9.68) | |
| 18–21 | 9.77 (8.00–11.93) | |
| Race/ethnicity (reference is white) | ||
| Black | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | |
| Asian | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | |
| Other | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | |
| Medicaid eligibility reason (reference is poverty) | ||
| Disability | 1.48 (1.40–1.57) | <.0001 |
| Foster care | 2.18 (1.99–2.40) | |
| Other | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | |
| Had an inpatient stay | 2.38 (2.16–2.62) | <.0001 |
| No. of ASD-related Medicaid claims (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 1.36 (1.28–1.44) | <.0001 |
| Third quartile | 1.60 (1.51–1.70) | |
| Fourth quartile | 1.83 (1.72–1.95) | |
| ASD diagnosis (reference is 299.8) | ||
| Autistic disorder (299.0) | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) | <.0001 |
| Other diagnoses | ||
| No other psychiatric diagnosis | 0.71 (0.65–0.79) | <.0001 |
| Schizophrenia | 3.26 (2.44–4.37) | <.0001 |
| Bipolar disorder | 3.55 (2.90–4.33) | <.0001 |
| Depression | 2.14 (1.85–2.49) | <.0001 |
| Attention-deficit disorder | 4.62 (4.23–5.04) | <.0001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 1.73 (1.46–2.05) | <.0001 |
| Conduct disorder | 1.90 (1.75–2.07) | <.0001 |
| Mental retardation | <.0001 | |
| Mild | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | |
| Moderate | 1.33 (1.19–1.47) | |
| Severe | 1.38 (1.23–1.54) | |
| % in county living in urban areas (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | .0374 |
| Third quartile | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | |
| Fourth quartile | 0.90 (0.74–1.11) | |
| Median county income (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | .8376 |
| Third quartile | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | |
| Fourth quartile | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | |
| Pediatricians per capita in county (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | .1347 |
| Third quartile | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | |
| Fourth quartile | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | |
| Pediatric specialists per capita (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | .8811 |
| Third quartile | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | |
| Fourth quartile | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | |
| % white within the county (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | .0047 |
| Third quartile | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | |
| Fourth quartile | 1.32 (1.12–1.54) | |
| County ASD Medicaid penetration (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | .8529 |
| Third quartile | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | |
| Fourth quartile | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | |
| State ASD special education penetration (reference is lowest quartile) | ||
| Second quartile | 0.95 (0.83–1.10) | .8111 |
| Third quartile | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) | |
| Fourth quartile | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | |
| Census region (reference is Midwest) | ||
| Northeast | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | .1152 |
| South | 1.02 (0.76–1.38) | |
| West | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | |
OR indicates odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.