Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1989 Feb;86(4):1203–1207. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.4.1203

Rapid activation by interferon alpha of a latent DNA-binding protein present in the cytoplasm of untreated cells.

T C Dale 1, A M Imam 1, I M Kerr 1, G R Stark 1
PMCID: PMC286654  PMID: 2919169

Abstract

The highly conserved interferon (IFN)-stimulated regulatory elements of the human genes 6-16 and 9-27 bind to one or more proteins (E factor) detected in extracts of human Bristol 8 B cells or human foreskin fibroblast cells treated with IFN-alpha. E factor is not detectable in extracts of untreated cells and appears in IFN-treated cells within less than 1 min in a form extractable with low salt and thus presumably not bound to DNA. After a few more minutes, the level of this form decreases in parallel with the increase of a form extractable only with high salt and thus presumably bound to DNA. Induction of E factor by IFN-alpha can occur in nuclei-free cytoplasts, whereas no E factor was detected in IFN-treated nucleoplasts. Together, these results suggest a model for signal transduction in which latent E factor, located in the cytoplasm, is activated or released from an inhibitor very rapidly upon binding of IFN-alpha to its receptor. Active E factor can then migrate to the nucleus, where it binds to the IFN-stimulated regulatory elements of IFN-regulated genes, activating their transcription.

Full text

PDF
1203

Images in this article

1204Image
on p.1204
1204Image
on p.1204
1205Image
on p.1205
1206Image
on p.1206
1206Image
on p.1206
1206Image
on p.1206
1207Image
on p.1207
1207Image
on p.1207

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allen G., Fantes K. H., Burke D. C., Morser J. Analysis and purification of human lymphoblastoid (Namalwa) interferon using a monoclonal antibody. J Gen Virol. 1982 Nov;63(Pt 1):207–212. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-63-1-207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baeuerle P. A., Baltimore D. Activation of DNA-binding activity in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. Cell. 1988 Apr 22;53(2):211–217. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90382-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baeuerle P. A., Baltimore D. I kappa B: a specific inhibitor of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. Science. 1988 Oct 28;242(4878):540–546. doi: 10.1126/science.3140380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brodsky F. M., Parham P., Barnstable C. J., Crumpton M. J., Bodmer W. F. Monoclonal antibodies for analysis of the HLA system. Immunol Rev. 1979;47:3–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1979.tb00288.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cohen B., Peretz D., Vaiman D., Benech P., Chebath J. Enhancer-like interferon responsive sequences of the human and murine (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase gene promoters. EMBO J. 1988 May;7(5):1411–1419. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02958.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Friedman R. L., Manly S. P., McMahon M., Kerr I. M., Stark G. R. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of interferon-induced gene expression in human cells. Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):745–755. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90270-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Gudas J. M., Karenlampi S. O., Hankinson O. Intracellular location of the Ah receptor. J Cell Physiol. 1986 Sep;128(3):441–448. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041280313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gustafsson J. A., Carlstedt-Duke J., Poellinger L., Okret S., Wikström A. C., Brönnegård M., Gillner M., Dong Y., Fuxe K., Cintra A. Biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of the glucocorticoid receptor. Endocr Rev. 1987 May;8(2):185–234. doi: 10.1210/edrv-8-2-185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hannigan G., Williams B. R. Transcriptional regulation of interferon-responsive genes is closely linked to interferon receptor occupancy. EMBO J. 1986 Jul;5(7):1607–1613. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04403.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kusari J., Sen G. C. Transcriptional analyses of interferon-inducible mRNAs. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):528–531. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.528. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Larner A. C., Chaudhuri A., Darnell J. E., Jr Transcriptional induction by interferon. New protein(s) determine the extent and length of the induction. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 5;261(1):453–459. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Levy D. E., Kessler D. S., Pine R., Reich N., Darnell J. E., Jr Interferon-induced nuclear factors that bind a shared promoter element correlate with positive and negative transcriptional control. Genes Dev. 1988 Apr;2(4):383–393. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.4.383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Porter A. C., Chernajovsky Y., Dale T. C., Gilbert C. S., Stark G. R., Kerr I. M. Interferon response element of the human gene 6-16. EMBO J. 1988 Jan;7(1):85–92. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02786.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Prywes R., Dutta A., Cromlish J. A., Roeder R. G. Phosphorylation of serum response factor, a factor that binds to the serum response element of the c-FOS enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7206–7210. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Prywes R., Roeder R. G. Inducible binding of a factor to the c-fos enhancer. Cell. 1986 Dec 5;47(5):777–784. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90520-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Reid L. E., Brasnett A. H., Gilbert C. S., Porter A. C., Gewert D. R., Stark G. R., Kerr I. M. A single DNA response element can confer inducibility by both alpha- and gamma-interferons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Feb;86(3):840–844. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.3.840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Riabowol K. T., Fink J. S., Gilman M. Z., Walsh D. A., Goodman R. H., Feramisco J. R. The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase induces expression of genes containing cAMP-responsive enhancer elements. Nature. 1988 Nov 3;336(6194):83–86. doi: 10.1038/336083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Rutherford M. N., Hannigan G. E., Williams B. R. Interferon-induced binding of nuclear factors to promoter elements of the 2-5A synthetase gene. EMBO J. 1988 Mar;7(3):751–759. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02872.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Sen R., Baltimore D. Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell. 1986 Dec 26;47(6):921–928. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Sen R., Baltimore D. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):705–716. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90346-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Sorger P. K., Lewis M. J., Pelham H. R. Heat shock factor is regulated differently in yeast and HeLa cells. Nature. 1987 Sep 3;329(6134):81–84. doi: 10.1038/329081a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Yamamoto K. K., Gonzalez G. A., Biggs W. H., 3rd, Montminy M. R. Phosphorylation-induced binding and transcriptional efficacy of nuclear factor CREB. Nature. 1988 Aug 11;334(6182):494–498. doi: 10.1038/334494a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Yamamoto K. R. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:209–252. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Zimarino V., Wu C. Induction of sequence-specific binding of Drosophila heat shock activator protein without protein synthesis. 1987 Jun 25-Jul 1Nature. 327(6124):727–730. doi: 10.1038/327727a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES