Amino acid hydroxylases (E.C.1.14.16.-)

Overview: The amino acid hydroxylases (monooxygenases) are iron-containing enzymes that utilize molecular oxygen and tetrahydrobiopterin as co-substrate and co-factor respectively.

Nomenclature	L-Phenylalanine hydroxylase	L-Tryptophan hydroxylase	L-Tyrosine hydroxylase
E.C.	1.14.16.1	1.14.16.4	1.14.16.2
Preferred abbreviation	PH	TPH	TH
Other names	Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase	Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase	Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000171759	TPH1 ENSG00000129167; TPH2 ENSG00000139287	ENSG00000180176
Product	Tyrosine	5-Hydroxytryptophan	DOPA
Selective inhibitors	α-Methylphenylalanine (Greengard et al., 1996), PCPA	Fenfluramine, PCPA, α-propyldopacetamide, 6-fluorotryptophan (Nicholson & Wright, 1981)	3-Chlorotyrosine, 3-iodotyrosine, α-methyltyrosine, α-propyldopacetamide

Glossary

Abbreviations:

DOPA

3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

PCPA

4-chlorophenylalanine

Further Reading

Dunkley PR, Bobrovskaya L, Graham ME, von Nagy-Felsobuki EI, Dickson PW (2004). Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: regulation and consequences. J Neurochem91: 1025–1043.

Fujisawa H, Okuno S (2005). Regulatory mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun338: 271–276.

Invernizzi RW (2007). Role of TPH-2 in brain function: news from behavioral and pharmacologic studies. J Neurosci Res85: 3030–3035.

Kobayashi K, Nagatsu T (2005). Molecular genetics of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and inherited diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun338: 267–270.

Lehmann IT, Bobrovskaya L, Gordon SL, Dunkley PR, Dickson PW (2006). Differential regulation of the human tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms via hierarchical phosphorylation. J Biol Chem281: 17644–17651.

Nakamura K, Hasegawa H (2007). Developmental role of tryptophan hydroxylase in the nervous system. Mol Neurobiol35: 45–54.

Preisig M, Ferrero F, Malafosse A (2005). Monoamine oxidase A and tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphisms: are they associated with bipolar disorder? Am J Pharmacogenomics5: 45–52.

Zhang X, Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2006). Functional polymorphisms of the brain serotonin synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-2. Cell Mol Life Sci63: 6–11.