We read with interest the study reported by Rello and colleagues [1]. The authors described the first 32 documented patients with pandemic influenza A H1N1 (PIAH1N1) virus infection hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) in Spain. Twenty-four patients (75.0%) had refractory hypoxemia and required advanced mechanical ventilation. Eight patients (33.3%) received noninvasive mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. Six of these patients (75%) required further orotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation and two (33%) died.
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is not recommended for patients with PIAH1N1 virus infection complicated by pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because although NIV temporarily improves oxygenation and reduces the work of breathing in these patients, it does not necessarily change the natural disease course. On the other hand, NIV may increase the risk of respiratory pathogen transmission [2] and there is not enough evidence to support the treatment of ALI/ARDS with NIV. To date, three studies have suggested that NIV has not been successful in critically ill patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure attributable to PIAH1N1 virus infection [1,3,4]. In these studies a total of 76 patients received NIV, but 64 (84.2%) of these patients required subsequent intubation and invasive ventilation.
Considering the high failure rate of NIV therapy in patients with PIAH1N1 virus infection and ALI/ARDS, the treatment of ARDS associated with the PIAH1N1 virus infection should be based upon published, evidence-based guidelines for sepsis-associated ARDS. Standard lung-protective ventilation strategies are appropriate initially [2,5].
Authors' response
Alejandro Rodríguez, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, Jordi Rello; and the H1N1 SEMICYUC Working Group
We appreciate the interest of Dr Ñamendys-Silva and colleagues in our article [1] and their insightful observations regarding ventilator management of severe PIAH1N1 virus infection. We agree that NIV is not recommended for patients with respiratory failure due to PIAH1N1 virus infection. However, several points should be clarified. Use of NIV in ARDS remains controversial and the etiology of hypoxemia seems to be an important determinant of successful outcome. Our results describe our national clinical practice in the current pandemic and it is consistent with other reports [3,6]. Other authors have recently reported that, in centers with expertise on NIV, 30% of patients with ARDS were treated with NIV as a first-line intervention and 30 to 50% of these avoided orotracheal intubation [1,3,6]. Thus, only a small number of patients with ARDS benefited from NIV in expert centers, always needing close monitoring in the ICU setting. In selected patients with milder presentation a conservative ventilator approach should be considered until additional data from 2009 PIAH1N1 is obtained.
Abbreviations
ALI: acute lung injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU: intensive care unit; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; PIAH1N1: pandemic influenza A H1N1.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
See related research by Rello et al., http://ccforum.com/content/13/5/R148
Contributor Information
Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva, Email: tony75ni@msn.com.
Marisol Hernández-Garay, Email: marihernandezg79@hotmail.com.
Eduardo Rivero-Sigarroa, Email: edrivero@prodigy.net.mx.
References
- Rello J, Rodríguez A, Ibañez P, Socias L, Cebrian J, Marques A, Guerrero J, Ruiz-Santana S, Marquez E, Del Nogal-Saez F, Alvarez-Lerma F, Martínez S, Ferrer M, Avellanas M, Granada R, Maraví-Poma E, Albert P, Sierra R, Vidaur L, Ortiz P, Prieto Del Portillo I, Galván B, León-Gil C. the H1N1 SEMICYUC Working Group. Intensive care adults patients with severe respiratory failure caused by influenza A (H1N1)v in Spain. Crit Care. 2009;13:R148. doi: 10.1186/cc8044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hui DS, Lee N, Chan PK. Clinical management of pandemic (H1N1) infection. Chest. 2009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, Cook DJ, Marshall J, Lacroix J, Stelfox T, Bagshaw S, Choong K, Lamontagne F, Turgeon AF, Lapinsky S, Ahern SP, Smith O, Siddiqui F, Jouvet P, Khwaja K, McIntyre L, Menon K, Hutchison J, Hornstein D, Joffe A, Lauzier F, Singh J, Karachi T, Wiebe K, Olafson K, Ramsey C, Sharma S, Dodek P. for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group H1N1 Collaborative. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA. 2009;302:1872–1879. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller RR, Markewitz BA, Rolfs RT, Brown SM, Dascomb KK, Grissom CK, Friedrichs MD, Mayer J, Hirshberg EL, Conklin J, Paine R, Dean NC. Clinical findings and demographic factors associated with intensive care unit admission in Utah due to 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) infection. Chest. 2009. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Clinical management of human infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009: revised guidance. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/clinical_management_h1n1.pdf
- Antonelli M, Conti G, Esquinas A, Montini L, Maggiore SM, Bello G, Rocco M, Maviglia R, Pennisi MA, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Meduri GU. A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of onoinvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for caute respiratory distress síndrome. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:18–25. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000251821.44259.F3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]