Table 1.
The locations of the DIVA neural network components in MNI space.
| Model Components | Hypothesized Neural Correlates | MNI Coordinates | Select Citations Facilitating the Mapping Derivation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left Hemisphere | Right Hemisphere | |||
| (x, y, z) | (x, y, z) | |||
| Speech Sound Map | Left Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus/Ventral Premotor Cortex | (−56, 10, 2) | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (e.g., Ghosh et al., 2008; Tourville et al., 2008), apraxia of speech studies (e.g., Ballard et al., 2000; McNeil et al., 2007), and research on mirror neurons (e.g., Rizzolatti et al., 1996; Buccino et al., 2001). | |
| Cerebellar Modules | Superior Medial Cerebellum | (−18, −59, −22) | (16, −59, −23) | Mapping hypothesized based on ataxic dysarthria studies (e.g., Ackermann et al., 1992) and Ghosh et al. (2008). |
| Superior Lateral Cerebellum | (−36, −59, −27) | (40, −60, −28) | Mapping hypothesized based on a meta-analysis of pseudoword reading studies (Indefrey and Levelt, 2004) and imaging studies (e.g., Ghosh et al., 2008; Tourville et al., 2008). | |
| Deep Cerebellar Nuclei | (−10.3, −52.9, −28.5) | (14.4, −52.9, −29.3) | Mapping hypothesized to relay cerebellar output to the cerebral cortex during speech production. | |
| Auditory State Map | Heschl's Gyrus | (−37.4, −22.5, 11.8) | (39.1, −20.9, 11.8) | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (Guenther et al., 2004; Ghosh et al., 2008) and supported by Rivier and Clarke (1997) and Morosan et al. (2001). |
| Planum Temporale | (−57.2, −18.4, 6.9) | (59.6, −15.1, 6.9) | ||
| Auditory Target/Error Maps | Planum Temporale | (−39.1, −33.2, 14.3) | (44, −30.7, 15.1) | Mapping hypothesized based on Buchsbaum et al. (2001) and Hickok and Poeppel (2004) and supported by Tourville et al. (2008). |
| Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus | (−64.6, −33.2, 13.5) | (69.5, −30.7, 5.2) | ||
| Somatosensory State Map | Ventral Somatosensory Cortex | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (e.g., Ghosh et al., 2008; Tourville etal., 2008). | ||
| Tongue 1 | (−60.2, −2.8, 27) | (62.9, −1.5, 28.9) | Mapping hypothesized based on Boling et al. (2002) and supported by somatosensory evoked potential study of humans (McCarthy et al., 1993). | |
| Tongue 2 | (−60.2, −0.5, 23.3) | (66.7, −1.9, 24.9) | ||
| Tongue 3 | (−60.2, 0.6, 20.8) | (64.2, 0.1, 21.7) | ||
| Upper Lip | (−53.9, −7.7, 47.2) | (59.6, −10.2, 40.6) | Mapping hypothesized based on McCarthy et al. (1993). | |
| Lower Lip | (−56.4, −5.3, 42.1) | (59.6, −6.9, 38.2) | ||
| Jaw | (−59.6, −5.3, 33.4) | (62.1, −1.5, 34) | Mapping hypothesized based on motor jaw representation. | |
| Larynx (Intrinsic) | (−53, −8, 42) | (53, −14, 38) | Mapping hypothesized based on motor larynx representation. | |
| Larynx (Extrinsic) | (−61.8, 1, 7.5) | (65.4, 1.2, 12) | ||
| Palate | (−58, −0.7, 14.3) | (65.4, −0.4, 21.6) | Mapping hypothesized based on McCarthy etal. (1993). | |
| Somatosensory Target/Error Maps | Anterior Supramarginal Gyrus | (−62.1, −28.4, 32.6) | (66.1, −24.4, 35.2) | Mapping hypothesized based on Baciu et al. (2000) and Hashimoto and Sakai (2003) and supported by Golfinopoulos et al. (in preparation). |
| Feedback Control Map | Ventral Premotor Cortex | (60, 14, 34) | Mapping hypothesized based on Tourville et al. (2008) and Golfinopoulos et al. (in preparation) | |
| Initiation Map | Supplementary Motor Area | (0, 0, 68) | (2, 4, 62) | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (e.g., Bohland and Guenther, 2006; Ghosh et al, 2008). |
| Caudate | (−12, −2, 14) | (14, −2, 14) | Mapping hypothesized based on Van Buren (1963). | |
| Putamen | (−26, −2, 4) | (30, −14, 4) | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (e.g., Bohland and Guenther, 2006; Ghosh et al., 2008; Tourville et al., 2008). | |
| Globus Pallidus | (−24, −2, −4) | (24, 2, −2) | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (e.g., Bohland and Guenther, 2006; Ghosh et al., 2008; Tourville et al., 2008) | |
| Thalamus | (−10, −14, 8) | (10, −14, 8) | Mapping hypothesized based on electrical stimulation study Johnson and Ojemann (2000) and imaging studies (e.g., Bohland and Guenther, 2006; Ghosh et al., 2008; Tourville et al., 2008) | |
| Articulator Position and Velocity Maps | Ventral Primary Motor Cortex | Mapping hypothesized based on imaging studies (e.g., Bohland and Guenther, 2006; Ghosh et al., 2008) and meta-analysis of pseudoword reading studies (Indefrey and Levelt, 2004). | ||
| Tongue 1 | (−60.2, 2.1, 27.5) | (62.9, 2.5, 28.9) | Mapping hypothesized based on Motor Tongue Area of Fesl et al. (2003). | |
| Tongue 2 | (−60.2, 3, 23.3) | (66.7, 2.5, 24.9) | ||
| Tongue 3 | (−60.2, 4.4, 19.4) | (64.2, 3, 22) | ||
| Upper Lip | (−53.9, −3.6, 47.2) | (59.6, −7.2, 42.5) | Mapping hypothesized based on Penfield and Roberts (1959) and Lotze et al. (2000a, 2000b). | |
| Lower Lip | (−56.4, 0.5, 42.3) | (59.6, −3.6, 40.6) | ||
| Jaw | (−59.6, −1.3, 33.2) | (62.1, 3.9, 34) | Mapping hypothesized based on Penfield and Roberts (1959). | |
| Larynx (Intrinsic) | (−53, 0, 42) | (53, 4, 42) | Mapping hypothesized based on Brown et al. (2008) and supported by Penfield Rasmussen (1950) and Penfield and Roberts (1959). | |
| Larynx (Extrinsic) | (−58.1, 6, 6.4) | (65.4, 5.2, 10.4) | ||
| Respiration | (−17.4, −26.9, 73.4) | (23.8, −28.5, 70.1) | Mapping hypothesized based on Fink et al. (1996) and Olthoff et al. (2009). | |