Abstract
Purpose
Tilt table testing mainly evaluates the systemic cardiovascular part of the autonomic nervous system, while it is assumed that the finger wrinkling test assesses the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system. In this study we explored whether the finger wrinkling test could be a useful test for autonomic dysfunction and whether the clinical evaluation of wrinkling can be improved by digital analysis of photographs.
Methods
As much as 20 healthy subjects and 15 patients underwent tilt table testing and finger wrinkling testing. During the finger wrinkling test the right hand was immersed in water at 40°C. The degree of wrinkling was assessed with a 5-point clinical scale at baseline, 5, 15 and 30 min of immersion. Photographs were taken at the same intervals. Several features were evaluated using digital analysis: length and gradient of automatically detected wrinkle and mean, maximum, minimum, variance and derivative of grey value of pixels.
Results
Clinical scoring of wrinkling allowed differentiation between healthy subjects and patients with a normal and an abnormal response to tilt table testing. Relevant features obtained with digital analysis were mean grey value and the gradient of automatically detected wrinkle. McNemar’s test showed no difference in test results between the tilt table test and the finger wrinkling test with a kappa of 0.68.
Conclusion
The finger wrinkling test can be used as a screening test before tilt table testing. Visual evaluation of wrinkling is still superior to digital analysis of photographs.
Keywords: Autonomic dysfunction, Tilt table test, Finger wrinkling test, Digital analysis
Introduction
In patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and hemiparkinsonism autonomic dysfunction is often present [1]. Diagnosis of autonomic dysfunction can be difficult to establish. There are some tests available, like tilt table testing, sympathetic skin response and sweat imprint test [2, 3]. Sympathetic skin response and sweat imprint test evaluate the thermoregulatory part, while tilt table testing mainly evaluates the cardiovascular part of the autonomic nervous system [3]. Tilt table test is a simple, standardized test with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 97%, when performed by Westminister protocol. Unfortunately reproducibility is poor [2]. Both sympathetic skin response and sweat imprint test have a poor sensitivity compared to tilt table testing and special equipment for testing is necessary [3].
The finger wrinkling test could be a complementary test to the above-mentioned tests, because one assumes that this test evaluates the autonomic nervous system of the limbs [4, 5]. The main underlying mechanism of wrinkling during water immersion is vasoconstriction by sympathetic input [6]. During the finger wrinkling test a hand is immersed in water at 40°C for 30 min [5] and the amount of wrinkling is subsequently evaluated. The degree of wrinkling is assessed by a 5-point clinical scale [7] (see Table 1). However, this scale is a poor quantification method, because there is a wide variety of interpretation [4]. Previous studies have shown that the degree of wrinkling is less in patients with diabetes mellitus or hemiparkinsonism than in healthy subjects [7, 8]. No correlation in the results between tilt table testing and finger wrinkling test has been evaluated [8] or found [7].
Table 1.
Explanation of the 5-point clinical scale [7]
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| 0 | No evidence of any skin wrinkling at the fingertip |
| 1 | The fingertip was not completely smooth |
| 2 | Two or less lines of wrinkling on the fingertip |
| 3 | Three or more lines of wrinkling on the fingertip |
| 4 | Wrinkling completely distorting the pulp of the fingertip |
We explored whether the finger wrinkling test is a useful test for autonomic dysfunction in particular if there is a correlation between peripheral and systemic function of the autonomic nervous system as evaluated by tilt table testing. In addition, we investigated whether digital analysis of photographs of the hand could improve the quantification of wrinkling.
Methods
As much as 20 healthy subjects (10 men) were recruited from hospital staff and students. Their average age was 26 years (range 21–52 years). Exclusion criteria were cigarette smoking, skin disease, operation or trauma of the hand and use of medication that might interfere with autonomic function, such as beta blocking agents.
A total of 15 patients (8 men), who were referred for tilt table testing were included. Their average age was 58 years (range 21–78 years). Indications for referral were syncope (n = 8), dizziness (n = 2), diabetes mellitus (n = 2) and Parkinsonism (n = 3). All subjects gave informed consent and underwent tilt table testing and finger wrinkling testing. The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Medisch Spectrum Twente, the Netherlands. Participants were instructed not to use any cream or lotion on their hands on the day of testing. Drinking coffee or tea 2 h prior to testing was not permitted.
During the tilt table test blood pressure, heart rate and ECG were recorded for 10 min in a horizontal position, 10 min in tilted position of 60° and another 10 min in horizontal position. The result was considered abnormal if there were signs of orthostatic hypotension with a systolic drop of more than 20 mmHg and diastolic drop of more than 10 mmHg or/and if there was no compensatory heart rate acceleration more than 10–20 bpm after tilting to 60°.
During the finger wrinkling test the right hand was immersed in a tempex bucket filled with water at 40°C. Temperature was measured before and after the finger wrinkling test. Maximum decrease in temperature was 2°C over the total measurement period of 30 min. The degree of wrinkling was assessed with the 5-point clinical scale at baseline, 5, 15 and 30 min of immersion. Only digiti 2–5 were judged, because it was difficult to make a good photograph of the thumb. Scores of digiti 2–5 were summed.
Photographs were taken at the same intervals. Before taking a photograph the right hand was held in front of a black background with the palm of the hand towards the digital camera (CANON D200), which was positioned at a distance of 94.5 cm of the black background. Diffuse lighting with BOWENS BW 3610™ was used on the right side of the right hand.
For digital analysis several features were calculated using Matlab (2007, The Mathworks Inc.): length and gradient of automatically detected wrinkles and mean, maximum, minimum, variance and derivative of grey values of the pixels. The result of digital analysis was considered abnormal if the value was below the cutoff point made by the ROC curve to determine optimal sensitivity and specificity. For evaluation of the different features of digital analysis the result of the finger wrinkling test was considered abnormal if there was no increase in score on the clinical scale or if the total score was less than 4 after finishing the finger wrinkling test.
Statistics
Mann–Whitney U tests were used for comparison of clinical scale scores between healthy subjects and patients and comparisons between patients with a normal and abnormal tilt table result. To evaluate the features of digital analysis Student’s T test was used to analyse if there was a significant difference in value of the feature between healthy subjects and patients. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to assess the degree of correlation between clinical scale scores and the different digital features extracted. Sensitivity and specificity were determined with ROC curves. Mc Nemar’s test was used to determine the correlation between the result of the finger wrinkling test and the tilt table test. With kappa the strength of the above-mentioned relationship was analysed. Sensitivity and specificity for three cutoff values (4, 8 and 12) of the finger wrinkling test were determined with tilt table testing as gold standard.
Results
Figure 1 shows an example of photographs taken during the finger wrinkling test with a normal and an abnormal result. Clinical wrinkling scores are significantly higher for healthy subjects than for patients (P < 0.001). Also clinical scale scores are significantly higher for patients with a normal result of the tilt table test than patients with an abnormal result (P = 0.02) (Table 2).
Fig. 1.
The photographs are taken from left to right at t = 0, 5, 15 and 30 min. a Patient with an abnormal result on finger wrinkling test. Score at clinical scale at t = 30 min is 1. b Result of a healthy subject. Score at clinical scale at t = 30 min is 4
Table 2.
Values of the clinical wrinkling scale for healthy controls and patients
| Time | Healthy subjects | Patients | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Interquartile range | Median | Interquartile range | |
| 0 | 0 | 0–0 | 0 | 0–8 |
| 5 | 4 | 4–6.25 | 4 | 4–8 |
| 15 | 10 | 8–12 | 8 | 4–12 |
| 30 | 15 | 11.25–16 | 12 | 8–14 |
Median and interquartile range are used because of non-normal distribution. Scores of digiti 2–5 were summed
The features calculated for digital analysis have to meet the following criteria. First the features must show a different value for patients and for healthy subjects. Second the feature must correlate with the clinical scale (r > 0.30) with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Two features met the above-mentioned criteria, namely mean of grey value and gradient of automatically detected wrinkle. The characteristics of these two features are shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Overview of differentiating characteristics of two features
| Feature | Sensitivity | Specificity | Correlation with clinical scale |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean of grey values t = 30 to t = 0 | 100 | 72 | 0.34 |
| Gradient of detected wrinkle t = 15 to t = 0 | 67 | 97 | 0.50 |
| Gradient of detected wrinkle t = 30 to t = 0 | 83 | 76 | 0.77 |
Clinical scores on the finger wrinkling test were used as a gold standard
Sensitivity is 100% for mean of grey value, specificity is 97% for gradient of automatically detected wrinkle (t = 15 to t = 0) and there is a correlation of 0.77 with clinical scale score for gradient of automatically detected wrinkle (t = 30 to t = 0).
As much as 28 persons had normal results on both tests, while 4 persons had abnormal results on both tests (Table 4). McNemar’ s test showed that there is no difference in test results between both tests (P = 1.00). Kappa of this relationship is 0.68, which is considered good. When the finger wrinkling test is assessed by digital analysis the results are not so clear with kappa values between 0.19 and 0.30 for the two features with the best qualities.
Table 4.
Correlation between the results of the tilt table test and the finger wrinkling test
| Tilt table test | Finger wrinkling test | |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | Abnormal | |
| Normal | 28 | 2 |
| Abnormal | 1 | 4 |
Table 5 shows that a cutoff value of 4 has a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 93%. As cutoff values increase, sensitivity increases and specificity decreases.
Table 5.
Three different cutoff values with their corresponding sensitivity and specificity
| Cutoff value | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | 80 | 93 |
| 8 | 100 | 83 |
| 12 | 100 | 60 |
Gold standard is tilt table testing
Discussion
Our primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the finger wrinkling test for the evaluation of autonomic dysfunction. In addition, we explored if we could improve the clinical quantification of wrinkling by analysis of digital photographs.
We found a significant correlation between the results of the finger wrinkling test and tilt table testing, which indicates that patients with an abnormal result on the finger wrinkling test have a higher probability of having an abnormal result on the tilt table test than patients with a normal result on the finger wrinkling test.
This contrasts findings of Clark et al. [7], who found no correlation between the result of autonomic function tests and the degree of wrinkling in diabetics. Detailed comparison with this study is difficult, however, because the study populations and methods are quite different [7]. Clark et al. only explored a correlation between autonomic function tests and wrinkling among the included diabetics. Also the result of the finger wrinkling was not defined in normal and abnormal.
Recent studies suggest that the finger wrinkling test evaluates the more distal portion of the autonomic nervous system [9, 10]. Teoh et al. [9] showed that the finger wrinkling test is a useful supportive test for diagnosing small fibre neuropathy. Wilder-Smith et al. [10] established that the finger wrinkling test can be used for predicting intraepidermal nerve fibre density. The correlation between the results of tilt table testing and finger wrinkling testing found in our pilot study suggests that in a significant fraction of patients both parts of the autonomic system are affected.
A striking result of this pilot study is the differentiation between healthy subjects and patients by clinical scores at baseline. There are some explanations for this finding. There were three patients with wrinkled hands at baseline. All these patients had abnormal results on tilt table test. Maybe wrinkled hands predict the outcome of the tilt table test. Also the average age was significantly higher for patients with abnormal results on tilt table test than other patients and healthy subjects.
The results of digital analysis of the photographs taken during the finger wrinkling test were disappointing. Only 2 out of the 11 evaluated features had differentiating characteristics. Most likely, the quality of the photographs was not sufficient to develop an accurate quantification method. The major problem was the illumination, which caused a strong shadow on the lower side of the fingers. We were not able to remove this shadow sufficiently, which interfered with the digital analysis of the amount of wrinkling.
As a first step in developing several features for analysis of digital photographs, our aim was to define features that differentiate between the presence and the absence of wrinkles. This motivated the use of a cutoff value of 4 since any wrinkle in a finger evaluated was considered abnormal. This contrast the cutoff value used by Teoh et al. [9], where a cutoff value of 8 was used. A second criterion for successful use of the digital analysis is that features must differentiate between various degrees of wrinkling. However, due to disappointing results obtained in the first step, as outlined above, we did not further pursue this approach.
Another problem of evaluating whether analysis of digital photographs is a better quantification method than the clinical evaluation is the lack of a gold standard. Although initially the sympathetic skin response (SSR) was proposed as potential gold standard [3], various studies have shown now that SSR is a poor autonomic function test. Vasudevan et al. [11] showed that this response did not have more advantages than the finger wrinkling test with equal sensitivity and specificity. Also Teoh et al. [9] reported that the sympathetic skin response was less useful in diagnosing small fibre neuropathy than the finger wrinkling test or intraepidermal nerve fibre density.
Given the limited specificity that we found in our comparison (~70%), abnormal results in finger wrinkling are not always due to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. For instance abnormal results could also be caused by smoking, trauma of the hand or medication interfering with the autonomic nervous system. These causes were not used as an exclusion criterion in patients, because we wished to investigate the practical relevance of the finger wrinkling test in a typical patient cohort referred for tilt table testing.
In summary, our pilot study suggests that the finger wrinkling test can be used as a screening test before tilt table testing. The assessment of wrinkling with the 5-point clinical scale is still superior to digital analysis.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mr. R. Elsjan, Mr. S. van der Meer and Ms. M. Lenselink of our hospital for their advices and their photograph material. Also Prof. C.H. Slump, Mr. D.J. Kroon, Mrs. M. Heijblom, Mrs. M.C. Cloostermans, Mrs. L. Melching and Mrs. S. Sharifi are acknowledged for their contribution to the technical aspects of this pilot study. The assistance of the technicians of the department of clinical neurophysiology is also highly appreciated.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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