One-Pot Green Synthesis and Bioapplication ofl-Arginine-Capped Superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles

Abstract

Water-solublel-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-pot and green method. Nontoxic, renewable and inexpensive reagents including FeCl₃,l-arginine, glycerol and water were chosen as raw materials. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles show different dispersive states in acidic and alkaline solutions for the two distinct forms of surface bindingl-arginine. Powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to identify the structure of Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals. The products behave like superparamagnetism at room temperature with saturation magnetization of 49.9 emu g⁻¹ and negligible remanence or coercivity. In the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, the anti-chloramphenicol monoclonal antibodies were connected to thel-arginine-capped magnetite nanoparticles. The as-prepared conjugates could be used in immunomagnetic assay.

(See supplementary material 1)

Introduction

In the last decade, inherently safer nanomaterials and nanostructured devices were widely fabricated with the “green chemistry” principles [1-13]. It is important to design synthetic methodologies that possess the minimization or even total elimination toxicity to the environment and human health in green chemistry [1,14]. The nontoxic, renewable raw materials and environmentally benign solvents are generally considered in a green synthetic strategy [1]. As society and environment can benefit from the products, green chemistry can convey a responsible attitude to public toward the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology [14].

Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles have attracted intensive interests for a wide range of fields, including magnetic fluids, immobilization of proteins, peptides and enzymes, immunoassays, drug or gene delivery magnetic resonance imaging, data storage, environmental remediation [15-25]. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles perform best in most of biomedicinal applications when the size of the nanoparticles is around 10–20 nm. In this range, an individual nanoparticle becomes a single magnetic domain and shows superparamagnetic behavior above blocking temperature [26,27]. Large numbers of methods have been developed for the synthesis of high-quality Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles of various surface modifier based on the thermal decomposition of iron organometallic compounds in a high-boiling point organic solvent [28-37]. When those magnetite nanoparticles are applied in biomedical fields, surface post-treatments are usually needed.

In the present work, we described a facile and green approach toward synthesis and stabilization of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Water and glycerol were used as environmentally benign solvents in the synthesis. Inartificial amino acidl-arginine was chosen as the nontoxic, renewable stabilizing agent.

Experimental Section

Materials

Chloramphenicol (CAP) and 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. o-Phenylenediamine (OPD) was purchased from Xinjingke Biotechnology. Hydrogen peroxide (30%) was supplied by Guangmang Chemical Co. The anti-CAP monoclonal antibody and HRP-CAP conjugates were produced by our lab. Other analytical grade chemicals were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagents Company. All of the chemicals were used as received without further purification.

Buffers and solutions used were listed below:

a. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS): 138 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM KH₂PO₄, 8 mM Na₂HPO₄·H₂O and 2.7 mM KCl, pH = 7.4.

b. Washing buffer (PBST): PBS containing 0.05 (v/v) Tween 20.

c. Citrate buffer: 19 mM citric acid, 33.5 mM Na₂HPO₄·H₂O, pH = 5.0

d. Substrate solution: 5 mg OPD, 12.5 mL citrate buffer, 2.5 μL H₂O₂(30%).

e. Stopping solution: 2 N HCl.

Synthesis ofl-Arginine-Capped Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles

l-Arginine (3.0 g) and FeCl₃(0.5 g) were added to a component solvent containing glycerol (10 mL) and water (10 mL). A transparent solution formed through sonication of this mixture. This solution was transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave with a capacity of 50 mL and maintained at 200°C for 6 h. Then, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature naturally. The product was washed with distilled water to remove residue of solvent and unboundl-arginine, finally dried by vacuum freeze-desiccation technology before characterization. During each step, the product was separated from the suspension by magnetic force.

Preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles Conjugates

A solution was formed by mixing 250 μL Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles suspension and 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Then, 10 μL of anti-CAP monoclonal antibody and 1 mg of 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were added. Afterward, the mixture was incubated overnight with light shaking at room temperature. Excess EDC and the supernatant were removed by magnetic separation, and the precipitate was washed three times with PBS. Antibody-labeled magnetic nanoparticles were redispersed in PBS (1 mL) and stored at 4°C for use.

Immunomagnetic Assay

The above store suspension (100 μL) was added to a tube and rinsed three times with washing buffer (PBST) in a magnetic field. Then, 100 μL conjugates of chloramphenicol and horseradish peroxidase (CAP-HRP) were injected. The incubation was performed for 2 h at room temperature with constant shaking. The sample was washed three times with PBST as earlier. Substrate solution (100 μL) was added, and the reaction was kept for 15 min. Finally, stopping solution (2 N HCl) was used to stop the reaction, and the absorbance was determined at 492 nm. A comparative experiment was performed just replaced magnetic nanoparticles conjugates with unlabeled magnetic nanoparticles.

Characterization

XRD patterns were recorded on the X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8) with a graphite monochromator and Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) in the range of 10–80° at room temperature. The morphology of the products was determined with transmission electron microscopy (JEM-100CXII) with an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. The nanocrystals dispersed in water were cast onto a carbon-coated copper grid. Magnetization measurements of the nanocomposites were performed with a Micromag 2900 at room temperature under ambient atmosphere. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were measured with X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS (ESCALAB 250). Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was performed with an automatic microplate reader KHB ST-360 from Shanghai Zhihua Medical Instrument Ltd.

Results and Discussion

Black products were prepared via a one-step solvothermal method.l-Arginine, an alkaline amino acid with guanidino group, was served as capped reagent in this reaction. The crystallinity and phase purity were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) as shown in supporting information. All diffraction peaks could be assigned to inverse spinel Fe₃O₄ phase (JCPDS card 19-0629). No other crystalline impurity was detected. The lattice constant calculated from this pattern was 8.389 Å, which is very close to the reported value. A representative TEM image ofl-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles dispersed in acidic solution is shown in Fig. 1a, which indicates that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have an average diameter of 13 nm. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image (Fig. 1b) suggests the crystalline nature of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with a clearly resolved lattice spacing of around 0.483 nm, corresponding to that of (111) of inverse spinel Fe₃O₄ crystal. All the spots of Fourier transformed pattern (Fig. 1c) obtained from the HRTEM image in Fig. 1b can be indexed as those peculiar to thezone axis of face centered cubic Fe₃O₄.

Figure 1.

a TEM image of the Fe₃O₄ nanocrystal. b HRTEM image of single Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle c FFT of HRTEM image in (b)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to further confirm the products. From spectra in Fig. 2a, the peaks of the C 1 s, O 2p, N 1 s, Fe 3p and Fe 2p indicate thel-arginine molecules are located on the surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. In Fig. 2b, Fe 2p_3/2 and Fe 2p_1/2 double peaks correspond to binding energies of 710.55 and 723.70 eV, respectively. The double peaks are broadened due to the appearance of Fe²⁺(2p_3/2) and Fe²⁺(2p_1/2), in agreement with the literature that the peaks broaden for Fe₃O₄ on the appearance of Fe²⁺(2p_3/2) and Fe²⁺(2p_1/2) [38,39]. This phenomenon confirms the product is Fe₃O₄ rather than γ-Fe₂O₃. As is shown in the magnetic hysteresis loop of l-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fig. 3), the nanocrystals behave with superparamagnetism at room temperature with saturation magnetization of 49.9 emu g⁻¹ and negligible remanence or coercivity.

Figure 2.

a The XPS of thel-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Evidence for the existence ofl-arginine coating can be found. b The details of the Fe 2p_1/2 and Fe 2p_3/2 peaks

Figure 3.

Magnetic hysteresis loop measured at room temperature for thel-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The NPs show superparamagnetic properties at room temperature, and the Ms is about 49.9 emu g⁻¹

The different dispersing state of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in acidic and alkaline solutions can be clearly observed by naked eye, as shown by the supporting information Fig. S2. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles dispersed in an alkaline solution completely precipitated in a few minutes, while they are stable in an acidic solution for at least 1 month and could be moved by a magnet just like ferrofluid. When the suspensions were filtrated with 0.45 μm filtration membrane, we got colorless and transparent liquid as Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles could not pass filtration membrane in alkaline solution. On the other hand, black and homogeneous solution was collected in acidic solution.l-Arginine is an inartificial amino acid. The amino group and the acid group could exist in the form of ammonium ions and carboxylate ions, respectively, under certain conditions [40]. It has been reported that both amine and acid groups are able to attach onto iron oxide surface [17,25]. When the guanidino group of l-arginine attaches onto the surface of iron oxide, the nanoparticles are expected to have distinct states in solutions with different pH value. Although the isoelectric point (pI) of pure l-arginine is 10.76 [40], the isoelectric point is expected to change for the attachment of the guanidino group in l-arginine to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The new isoelectric point will be the average of the pKa of the carboxylic acid group and the pK_b of the amine group [40] and therefore, ca. 5.61. As illustrated in Scheme 1, in an acidic solution, the l-arginine molecules exist in the cationic form due to the formation of ammonium ions. These ammonium ions may prevent formation of hydrogen bonds between Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. In an alkaline solution, surface-bound l-arginine molecules are negatively charged due to the formation of carboxylate ions which readily form hydrogen bonds with surface-bound amine groups of neighboring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. This phenomenon is similar to the case of lysine-capped gold nanoparticles [41].

Scheme 1.

Illustration of the assembly of dispersedl-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in water at different pH values. The inset is the structure ofl-arginine

To demonstrate potential biomedical applications ofl-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, magnetite nanoparticles were bioconjugated with anti-CAP monoclonal antibody to form the immunomagnetic beads (IMB) via the classical EDC activation [42,43]. Then, they are used in the immunological test. The result showed that the mixture containing anti-CAP monoclonal antibody-labeled magnetic nanoparticles had a deep yellow color (Fig. 4 right) after color development, and the absorbance was 2.113, while the comparative one had no obvious color change (Fig. 4 left) at the same time and the absorbance was 0.065. It was suggested that l-arginine-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were successfully attached to the anti-CAP monoclonal antibody.

Figure 4.

Photographs of color development of unlabeled (left) and antibody-labeled (right) magnetic nanoparticles

Conclusions

We have synthesizedl-arginine-capped superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles via a simple and green method in water and glycerol component solvent. The synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have an average diameter of 13 nm and the saturation magnetization reaches to 49.9 emu g⁻¹ with negligible remanence or coercivity. With superparamagnetic properties and the active groups on the surface of the nanoparticles, their application for magnetic separation and concentration in immunoassays were further demonstrated. These products are expected to have more extensive applications in biomedical fields.

Supplementary Material

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11671-009-9480-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-06-0586), the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (No. 109098), and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2005CB623601, 2007CB936602) is gratefully acknowledged. Prof. Xi acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20675048), the National High-Tech Research and Developmental Program of China (863 Program, No. 07AA10Z435 and 2007AA06A407).