Lack of agreement between tonometric and gastric juice partial carbon dioxide tension

Short abstract

Our goal was to compare measurement of tonometered saline and gastric juice partial carbon dioxide tension (PCO₂). In this prospective observational study, 112 pairs of measurements were simultaneously obtained under various hemodynamic conditions, in 15 critical care patients. Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the two methods of measuring PCO₂ (r ² = 0.43; P < 0.0001). However, gastric juice PCO₂ was systematically higher (mean difference 51 mmHg). The 95% limits of agreement were 315 mmHg and the dispersion increased as the values of PCO₂ increased. Tonometric and gastric juice PCO₂ cannot be used interchangeably. Gastric juice PCO₂ measurement should be interpreted with caution.

Abstract

Introduction:

In recent years there has been growing interest in tonometric estimation of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi). More recently, attention has focused on the gradient between intraluminal and arterial PCO₂. pHi appears to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in critically ill patients, and may also be used as a therapeutic guide. However, intraluminal PCO₂ is the parameter measured to calculate pHi, and it is assumed as equivalent to the PCO₂ of the upper layers of the gastric mucosa.

Direct measurement of PCO₂ in gastric juice might offer advantages over tonometry. Tonometer costs could be saved, and equilibration time would no longer be necessary. Additionally, preanalytic factors that account for poor reproducibility, such as inadequate volume of saline in the tonometer, errors in the dwell time of the sample or in the technique used to aspirate saline, mixing of the sample with tonometer dead space and delay in analysis, could be prevented. Nevertheless, to our knowledge few experimental or clinical studies have examined PCO₂ in gastric juice. Moreover, no comparison with simultaneous tonometric samples has been performed. Our goal was to compare simultaneous measurement of PCO₂ in gastric juice and in saline samples from a tonometer. Data from the present study show that gastric juice PCO₂ is systematically higher. Furthermore, differences widen at high PCO₂ values, and data dispersion becomes even more striking. Therefore, tonometric PCO₂ and gastric juice PCO₂ are not interchangeable.

Patients and methods:

The present study was approved by the local ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from the next of kin of each patient.

We studied 15 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients from a medical/surgical intensive care unit, in whom tonometric monitoring was indicated by attending physicians. All patients were receiving 50 mg intravenous ranitidine every 8 h. Gastric tonometers were filled with saline, which was extracted after 90 min of equilibration time. At the same time, gastric juice was anaerobically extracted from the aspiration port of the tonometer. The initial 20 ml was discarded. PCO₂ in both samples was measured using a blood gas analyzer (AVL 945; AVL List GMBH, Gratz, Austria). These measurements were taken at various time points in each patient, and under various haemodynamic and oxygen transport conditions, All measurements were performed with the patient fasted. Correlation between the two measurements was examined using the Bland-Altman technique.

We also performed an in vitro study to quantify the precision and bias for the AVL 945. For this purpose, a stable PCO₂ in saline solution was achieved by bubbling 5% carbon dioxide calibration gas.

Results:

We performed 112 pairs of measurements in 15 patients. Table 1 shows clinical data and the first values of arterial, tonometered and gastric juice PCO₂ for each patient. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between both methods of measuring PCO₂ (r ² =0.43; gastric juice PCO₂ = -28.79 + [2.55 × tonometric PCO₂]; P < 0.0001; Fig. 1). However, the bias calculated as the mean difference of gastric juice and tonometric PCO₂ was 51 mmHg. The 95% limits of agreement were 315 mmHg (Fig. 2). For mean PCO₂ values lesser than 100 mmHg, the bias and the 95% limits of agreement were 19 and 102 mmHg, respectively. As mean PCO₂ increased, the scattering of differences widened (r ² =0.71; P < 0.0001).

In an effort to prevent the bias related to multiple measurements per patient, we performed Bland-Altman analysis with the first measurement of each patient. After this the results remained similar (bias 55 mmHg, 95% limits of agreement 216 mmHg).

The AVL 945 blood gas analyzer showed a negative bias of 0.97 mmHg and a precision of 2.13 mmHg. This bias was considered negligible, so no further correction was made to saline tonometric values.

Discussion:

The results of the present study show that tonometric PCO₂ and gastric juice PCO₂ are not interchangeable. Gastric juice PCO₂ is systematically higher. At high PCO₂ values the differences widen, and data dispersion becomes even more marked.

There is no clear cause for these observations. A possible explanation might be that tonometric PCO₂ is generated over a time interval, whereas gastric juice PCO₂ might reflect rapid changes in mucosal metabolism. Different equilibrium time could also account for data dispersion, but not for the positive bias for gastric juice. Rapid changes should occur in both directions.

Another potential confounding factor is the ability of blood gas analyzers to measure PCO₂ in gastric juice. Measurement of PCO₂ in 0.9% saline is an important source of error in the estimation of pHi. Variation in PCO₂ values may occur with different PCO₂ equilibration solutions. For example, bias is -66.5% when the Nova Stat Profile 7 blood gas analyzer (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) measures concentration of 1.95% of CO₂ equilibrated in normal saline. However, bias changes to +45.4% when 1.95% CO₂ is equilibrated in human albumin solution 4.5%.

It would not be surprising if gastric juice components such as proteins, mucopolisaccharides and others interfere with CO₂ solubility and its subsequent measurement by blood gas analyzers. In this way, intersubject and intrasubject variation in gastric juice composition could also account for data dispersion. Fiddian-Green et al [1] measured PCO₂ in gastric contents of anaesthetized dogs. They isolated the stomach from the oesophagus and the duodenum with ligatures, and washed it through a catheter with saline. Then, they instilled 250 ml 0.9% saline and took samples to measure PCO₂ and to estimate pHi. Simultaneously, mucosa pH was recorded with a microglass probe. They found a statistically significant correlation between both methods. However, data dispersion in the graph was considerable.

We were able to exclude analyzer underestimation of PCO₂ in saline as the cause for the present results. In vitro performance of the AVL 945 in blood was good. It showed a negative bias less than 1 mmHg and a precision of about 2 mmHg.

We cannot infer from the present data the technique that should be the gold standard for measuring PCO₂ in gastric mucosa. However, the studies that have established the normal values for pHi, prognostic changes and its uses as a therapeutic index have been performed with tonometry. Hence, more data are needed for the routine measurement of PCO₂ in gastric juice.

Introduction

In recent years there has been growing interest in tonometric estimation of gastric pHi. More recently attention has focused on the gradient between intraluminal and arterial PCO₂. pHi appears to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in critically ill patients, and may also be used as a therapeutic guide [2,3]. However, intraluminal PCO₂ is the parameter measured to calculate pHi, and it is assumed as equivalent to the PCO₂ of the upper layers of the gastric mucosa [4].

Direct measurement of PCO₂ in gastric juice might offer additional advantages over tonometry. First, tonometer costs could be saved. Second, equilibration time would no longer be necessary. Finally, preanalytic factors that account for poor tonometric reproducibility, such as inadequate volume of saline in the tonometer, errors in timing the dwell time of the sample or in the technique used to aspirate the tonometered saline sample, mixing the sample with air from the tonometer dead space, and delays in specimen analysis, might be prevented [5].

Nevertheless, to our knowledge, very few studies, either experimental or clinical, have examined PCO₂ in gastric juice [1,6,7]. Moreover, no comparison with tonometric samples obtained at the same time has been done. Our goal was to compare PCO₂ obtained simultaneously in gastric juice and in saline samples from tonometers. The results of the present study show that gastric juice PCO₂ is systematically higher, and that for high PCO₂ values this difference widens and data dispersion is even more marked. Therefore, tonometric PCO₂ and gastric juice PCO₂ are not interchangeable.

Patients and methods

The present study was approved by the local ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from the next of kin of each patient.

We consecutively studied 15 mechanically ventilated patients from a medical/surgical intensive care unit, in whom tonometric monitoring was indicated by attending physicians. All patients were receiving 50 mg intravenous ranitidine every 8 h. Gastric tonometers were filled with saline and, after 90 min for equilibration, saline samples were collected, as has previously been described [2]. At the same time, gastric juice was anaerobically extracted from the aspiration port of the tonometer. Initial 20 ml were discarded. A blood gas analyzer (AVL 945) was used to measure PCO₂ in both samples. These measurements were taken at various time points in each patient, and under various haemodynamic and oxygen transport conditions. All measurements were performed with the patient fasted. Correlation between both of measurements was examined using the Bland-Altman technique [8].

We also performed an in vitro study to quantify the precision and bias of the AVL 945. For this purpose, a stable PCO₂ in saline solution was achieved by bubbling 5% carbon dioxide calibration gas. Bias (mean difference from expected PCO₂) and precision (standard deviation of the bias) of PCO₂ measured in saline was determined by comparison of measured PCO₂ with expected PCO₂. The latter was calculated from the carbon dioxide content of the calibration gas and from barometric pressure, according to gas laws. Measurements were repeated six times.

Results

We performed 112 pairs of measurements in 15 patients. Table 1 shows clinical data and the first values of arterial, tonometer and gastric juice PCO₂ taken in each patient. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between both methods of measuring PCO₂(r ² =0.43; gastric juice PCO₂ = -28.79+ [2.55 × tonometric PCO₂]; P < 0.0001; Fig. 1). However, bias, calculated as the mean difference between gastric juice and tonometric PCO₂, was 51 mmHg. The 95% limits of agreement were 315 mmHg (Fig. 2). When mean PCO₂ values were less than 100 mmHg, bias and 95% limits of agreement were 19 and 102 mmHg, respectively. The scattering of differences widened as PCO₂ increased (r ² =0.71; P < 0.0001).

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics and first value of arterial, tonometer and gastric juice PCO₂

						PCO2 (mmHg)
		Age		Inotropes				Gastric
Patient	Sex	(years)	Diagnosis	(μg/kg per min)	Outcome	Arterial	Tonometric	juice
1	Female	53	Stroke, ARDS	Dopamine 32	Survival	30	48	165
2	Female	73	Intestinal obstruction, septic shock	Dopamine 40	Death	26	44	92
3	Male	37	Multiple trauma		Survival	21	28	41
4	Male	56	Multiple trauma		Survival	39	42	49
5	Female	64	Acute pancreatitis, shock, ARDS	Dopamine 18	Death	30	34	80
6	Male	17	Multiple trauma		Survival	43	60	60
7	Female	18	Fat liver of pregnancy		Survival	30	40	44
8	Male	73	Necrotizing celulitis, septic shock, ARDS	Epinephrine 1.2	Death	28	33	31
9	Male	64	Multiple trauma, pneumonia, ARDS		Death	36	41	57
10	Male	65	Lung cancer postoperatively, ARDS		Death	35	51	242
11	Male	65	Lung cancer postoperatively, ARDS	Dopamine 20	Death	36	30	125
12	Female	22	Neutropenia, septic shock, ARDS	Epinephrine 0.8	Death	50	69	81
13	Male	83	Perioperative shock	Dopamine 25	Survival	23	28	34
14	Male	52	Ventilator-associated pneumonia		Survival	43	43	126
15	Male	56	Colangitis, septic shock	Dopamine 36	Survival	38	44	92

ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Figure 1.

Correlation between gastric juice and tonometric PCO₂. We performed 112 pairs of measurements of gastric juice and tonometric PCO₂ in 15 critical care patients under different haemodynamic and oxygen transport conditions. The linear regression coefficient is significant. However, the slope value indicates systematic overestimation of gastric juice PCO₂ in relation to saline PCO₂.

Figure 2.

Bland-Altman analysis of the differences between gastric juice and tonometric PCO₂. The bias calculated as the mean difference of gastric juice and tonometric PCO₂ was 51 mmHg. The 95% limits of agreement were 315 mmHg. The bias and the scattering of differences widened as PCO₂ increased.

The two types of measurements are clearly correlated. However, they cannot be considered as interchangeable, because gastric juice PCO₂ was always higher and the 95% limits of agreement were clinically significant.

In an effort to prevent bias related to multiple measurements per patient we used another approach, taking into account the initial measurement of each patient. Despite this, results continued to be similar (bias 55 mmHg, 95% limits of agreement 216 mmHg).

The AVL 945 blood gas analyzer showed a negative bias of 0.97 mmHg and a precision of 2.13 mmHg. This was considered negligible, so no further correction was done to tonometric values.

Discussion

The present data show that tonometric PCO₂ and gastric juice PCO₂ should not be considered interchangeable,because gastric juice PCO₂ was systematically higher. With high PCO₂ values, this difference widened, and data dispersion became even more marked.

There is no clear cause for these observations. It can be argued that tonometric PCO₂ is a value that is measured over a predetermined period, whereas gastric juice PCO₂ may generate data on minute-to-minute changes in mucosal metabolism. This different equilibrium time could account for data dispersion. However, the positive bias for gastric juice is harder to interpret, because such rapid changes should appear in both directions.

Another potential confounding factor is the ability of blood gas analyzers to measure PCO₂ in gastric juice. Measurement of PCO₂ in saline is an important source of error in the estimation of pHi. The error lies both in the kind of blood gas analyzer used and in the PCO₂ value itself [9,10]. Different solutions might modify PCO₂ measurement. For example, bias is -66.5% when the Nova Stat Profile 7 blood gas analyzer measures concentration of 1.95% of CO₂ equilibrated in normal saline. However, bias changes to +45.4% when 1.95% CO₂ is equilibrated in human albumin solution 4.5% [9].

It would not be surprising if different gastric juice buffers, such as proteins, mucopolisaccharides and others, interfere with CO₂ solubility and its subsequent measurement. In this way, intersubject and intrasubject variation of gastric juice composition could also account for data dispersion. Therefore, analytic issues related to the various constituents of gastric juice could have added to the observed differences.

Fiddian-Green et al [1] measured PCO₂ in gastric content of anaesthetised dogs. They isolated the stomach from the oesophagus and the duodenum with ligatures, and washed it through a catheter with saline. Then they instilled 250 ml saline and intermittently took samples to measure PCO₂ and estimate pHi, which was compared with simultaneous direct mucosa pHi measurement performed using a microglass probe. They found a statistically significant correlation between both methods, but there was considerable data dispersion in the graph. However, in that study, as well as in others in which PCO₂ was measured without a tonometer [6,7], some kind of saline lavage was used. On the other hand, we directly measured PCO₂ in gastric juice, which could produce marked differences in the results.

Differences between tonometric PCO₂ and gastric juice PCO₂ could be due to blood gas analyzers that are calibrated for blood gas analysis, and could systematically underestimate PCO₂ in saline [9,10]. Nevertheless, this explanation is not supported by the present in vitro results. The performance of the AVL 945 was fairly good. It showed a minor negative bias of less than 1 mmHg and a precision of approximately 2 mmHg. Thus, it appears to be a suitable device for saline tonometry.

We ascribe the high PCO₂ values obtained in the present study to shock and subsequent gut hypoperfusion, as can be deduced from the clinical characteristics of our patients. Also, in the presence of hydrochloric acid, duodenal or gastric bicarbonate buffering could produce important amounts of carbon dioxide [11]. Although we cannot exclude spurious generation of carbon dioxide, measurements were performed in the fasted state, the position of the tonometer was checked by X-ray, and ranitidine was administered in each patient. If PCO₂ in gastric juice and in the tonometer were interchangeable, their values would be similar, regardless of CO₂ source or absolute value. However, gastric juice PCO₂ and tonometric PCO₂ were quite different. We believe that this is the novel point in this study.

Gastric juice PCO₂ has been used in some clinical studies [6,7,12]. Mohsenifar et al [12] advocated its advantages over tonometry. However, the present results suggest that the two techniques are not interchangeable. From the present data we cannot infer which should be the gold standard technique for measurement of gastric mucosa PCO₂. Nevertheless, knowledge regarding pHi has evolved from gastric tonometry; studies regarding normal values, prognostic changes and its uses as a therapeutic guide were performed using tonometry. Hence, until more and clearer data are reported, PCO₂ measurement in gastric juice should be considered with caution.