Will the community nurse continue to function during H1N1 influenza pandemic: a cross-sectional study of Hong Kong community nurses?

Abstract

Background

Healthcare workers have been identified as one of the high risk groups for being infected with influenza during influenza pandemic. Potential levels of absenteeism among healthcare workers in hospital settings are high. However, there was no study to explore the attitudes of healthcare workers in community setting towards the preparedness to the novel H1N1 influenza pandemic. The aim of this study was to explore the willingness of community nurses in Hong Kong to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among all 401 community nurses employed by the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong when the WHO pandemic alert level was 6.

Results

The response rate of this study was 66.6%. 76.9% participants reported being "not willing" (33.3%) or "not sure" (43.6%) to take care of patients during H1N1 influenza pandemic. The self-reported reasons for being unwilling to report to duty during H1N1 influenza pandemic were psychological stress (55.0%) and fear of being infected H1N1 influenza (29.2%). The reported unwillingness to report to duty was marginally significantly associated with the request for further training of using infection control clinical guideline (OR: 0.057; CI: 0.25-1.02). Those who reported unwillingness or not being sure about taking care of the patients during H1N1 influenza pandemic were more depressed (p < 0.001) and found work more emotionally stressful (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Interventions to provide infection control training and address community nurses' psychological needs might increase their willingness to provide care to patients in the community during H1N1 influenza pandemic. This would help to ensure an effective and appropriate health system response during the H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Background

The current influenza (H1N1) pandemic has become a public health threat due to its associated morbidity and mortality. Among those at high risk for being infected with influenza (H1N1), healthcare workers have been identified as the priority group whose preparedness is a critical element in the response to the pandemic. In addition to patient care, HCWs are involved in public health education, epidemiological surveillance, quarantine management, fever clinics, staging facility operation, and more [1,2]. Although the role of HCWs is important during emergencies such as a pandemic, not all healthcare workers are ready or prepared to work with infectious patients [3]. For example, during the SARS outbreak, some healthcare workers in Taiwan escaped from hospital or resigned due to perceived shortage of facilities for handling patients with SARS [4]. Since then, a number of studies have been conducted to explore the willingness of HCWs to work during influenza pandemics. These studies suggested that at the time of an epidemic, the potential levels of absenteeism could be as high as 16% in Hong Kong [5], 28% in Germany [6], 33% in Australia [7], 43% in Taiwan [8] and 50% in UK [9]. Potential absenteeism was most likely among nursing and ancillary workers [10] and the major reported reasons were fear for themselves and their families' health and lack of protective equipments [3,11,12].

Healthcare workers who care for patients in their homes are among those at high risk in pandemics. Previous studies in the United States showed that the number of patients who were being cared for at home during a pandemic was nearly 3 times to the number being hospitalized [13]. During the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong, the fall in hospitalizations for those with pre-existing chronic diseases was complemented with an increase for demand for community nursing services at patients' homes [14].

Studies from the United Kingdom found that community HCWs expressed less willingness to work during a pandemic than their hospital counterparts [10]. A similar study in the United States found that the intention to work with quarantine cases among community home health care services was lower (11%) than the willingness of healthcare workers who worked in the hospital (54%) [15]. Another study found that for HCWs working in New York City long-term facilities and outpatient centers, the most important barriers to willingness to work were fear and concern for family and self (31%) [16]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other study exploring the willingness of, and factors associated with community nurses to work during the H1N1 pandemic. Thus, this study was conducted to explore the willingness of community nurses to continue to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Methods

Study design

This cross-sectional survey investigated the willingness of community nurses in Hong Kong to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic. All community nurses in Hong Kong are employed by the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and their responsibility is to provide patient care and education in patients' homes. This programme was introduced in 1967 with the aim of providing continuing nursing care for people who are discharged from hospitals. There are now 401 community nurses working out of 48 centres and stations attached to 14 hospitals over 7 organizational clusters in Hong Kong, each serving a geographical region with a population catchment of approximately 1 million people. Patients are referred to community nursing services by public hospitals and out-patient clinics or through self referral. Community nurses work closely alongside with the community geriatric service nurse in old age homes and the psychiatric outreach team.

Participants

During 24 to 30 June 2009 when Hong Kong faced community spread of H1N1 and around 50 cases were being reported a day in the community [17], a cross-sectional survey was conducted among all 401 community nurses in Hong Kong to determine their willingness to work during the H1N1 influenza pandemic, when the WHO pandemic alert level was 6. A questionnaire was sent to all community nurses who provided medical care services at patient's home in Hong Kong excluding those working for geriatric teams at old age homes and as part of psychiatric outreach. General Managers of community nursing service centres or stations were contacted by phone to obtain the approval to send the questionnaire to their nursing staff. In total, 401 self-administered anonymous questionnaires were sent to all community nurses via their general managers in the 7 organizational clusters in Hong Kong. To keep responses confidential and anonymous the completed questionnaires were returned to us directly or via the centre/station manager in sealed envelopes.

Survey design

The content of this questionnaire was based on the conceptual framework suggested by Patel et al [18] and consisted of 6 aspects with 44 questions: (1) clinical services change as a response to pandemic influenza; (2) internal environment changes as a response to pandemic influenza; (3) macro-environmental changes as response to pandemic influenza; (4) professional and public health responsibilities with respect to pandemic influenza; (5) attitude and psychological responses to pandemic influenza; (6) willingness to continue to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic; and (7) demographics and year of education of respondents. This paper only reports the community nurses' willingness to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic and its associated factors. The study was reviewed and approved by the Survey & Behavioural Research Ethics Committee of The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics including the characteristics of respondents giving positive or negative responses to their willingness to take care the patients with suspected H1N1 influenza were presented. Responses were dichotomized into those with "willingness to work" and those with "not willingness to work or unsure". Binary logistic regression was used to compute bivariate and multivariate odds ratios (ORs) to evaluate the association of demographic variables (age, working district, post-graduation education, year of nursing registration, years of being community nurses) and other respondent characteristics (use of infection control clinical guideline, received training for infection control clinical guideline, request further training, experiences of taking care SARS or Avian Flu cases, received vaccination in the past 12 months, participation in surveillance) with the willingness. Responses to the stress level using 100 m Visual Analog Scale in 9 items (the higher score, the more stressful) and satisfaction level using 100 m Visual Analog Scale in 2 items (the higher score, the higher the satisfaction) were used to explore the relationship with the respondents to the willingness to work by independent t-test. All data were analyzed using SPSS (version 15.0) and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Demographics

A total of 401 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all community nurses in Hong Kong and 270 completed questionnaires returned within which three questionnaires were uncompleted, within a two week period between 24 Jun, 2009 and 8 July, 2009 (response rate: 66.6%). Of the 267 valid respondents, the majority were females (96.2%) who had been registered nurses for 16.5 years (ranging from 1 year to 36 years) and had worked for an average of 8.8 years as a community nurse (ranging from 2 months to 32 years). The mean age of respondents was 39.1 years and about a third (29.2%) had had the experiences of the taking care of SARS/Avian Flu cases. Two third of them had postgraduate qualifications and one third of them had received vaccination for seasonal influenza in the past 12 months. Nurses from each cluster participated and other demographic details are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Demographics of nurses in the study

Demographic characteristics	N(%)	Mean(SD)	Range
Number of community nurses	267
Age	-	39.13(7.69)	24-60
Gender
Female	254(96.2)	-	-
Male	10(3.8)	-	-
Place of Education
Hong Kong	264(100.0)	-	-
Year of Registration	-	16.45(8.45)	1-36
Postgraduate qualification	199(76.5)	-	-
Diploma	60(34.1)	-	-
Master	37(21.0)	-	-
Special training	93(52.8)	-	-
Others	37(21.0)	-	-
Work status
Full-Time	257(98.5)	-	-
Part-Time	4(1.5)	-	-
Years of Working as a community nurse	-	8.79(6.76)	0.17-32
District of working
Hong Kong Island	29(11.2)	-	-
Kowloon	120(46.5)	-	-
New Territories West	66(25.6)	-	-
New Territories East	43(16.7)	-	-

Willingness to work and characteristics

Overall, one third of participants (36%) reported the demand for community services increased during H1N1 influenza pandemic. 171 participants (76.9%) reported "not willing" (33.3%) or "not sure" (43.6%) about taking care of patients during H1N1 influenza pandemic. The self-reported reasons for being unwilling to take care of patients during H1N1 were psychological stress (55.0%) and fear of being infected (29.2%) (Figure 1). Only one third of participants (33%) had used the infection control clinical guidelines to assist them in taking care of the patients with suspected H1N1 influenza. Almost two thirds of respondents (74.5%) wanted more training and professional education regarding how to deal with H1N1 influenza.

Figure 1.

Reasons of not willingness to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Multivariate analysis of the relationship between professional development and their willingness to take care of patients during H1N1 influenza presented in Table 2 showed that their unwillingness was marginally significantly associated with the request for further training on the use of infection control clinical guideline (OR: 0.51; CI: 0.25-1.02) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Association between demographics, nurses' behaviours, experiences and their willingness to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic

Variables and variable levels	Bivariate OR (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)	p value
Age	1.03 (0.99 - 1.07)	0.120	1.08 (0.99-1.19)	0.101
Postgraduate
No	1		1
Yes	11.50 (0.80 - 2.82)	0.211	11.43 (0.62-3.32)	0.406
Working as Community Nurse	1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)	0.409	0.99 (0.93-1.06)	0.822
Year of Registration	1.03 (1.00 - 1.06)	0.077	0.96 (0.89-1.03)	0.219
Use of Guideline
No	1		1
Yes	0.85 (0.50 - 1.47)	0.561	0.76 (0.38-1.49)	0.420
Further training required
No	1		1
Yes	0.64 (0.35 - 1.17)	0.147	0.51 (0.25-1.02)*	0.057
SARS or Avian Flu experience
No	1		1
Yes	1.41(0.81-2.45)	0.230	1.18(0.55)-2.53	0.680
Received vaccination in the past 12 months
No	1		1
Yes	1.03(0.60-1.77)	0.928	0.63(0.30-1.30)	0.209
Participation in surveillance activity
No	1		1
Yes	1.28(0.70-2.35)	0.427	1.46(0.67-3.15)	0.339

* borderline significant

Psychological concerns and job satisfaction

Participants who were unwilling or unsure about taking care of patient who was all regarded as "suspected H1N1 cases" generally reported a significantly higher level of psychological stress in various areas including the contraction risk of own and family to H1N1 due to the job, quality of life, activity of living, psychological status and emotional status, in which the details are listed in Table 3. Those who were unwilling or unsure were also significantly more dissatisfied with the influenza case arrangement of the Hospital Authority (unwilling mean score 69.3 mm, willing mean score 74.4 mm, p < 0.049) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Association between stress levels and their willingness to work during H1N1 influenza pandemic

	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	p-value
Q28 frightened of dealing with H1N1 influenza(0, not frightened at all -100, extremely frightening)
No or Not Sure	44.18	22.26	0	100	<0.001
Yes	21.53	20.09	0	100
Q29 worried to be infected due to your job(0, not worrying at all - 100, extremely worrying)
No or Not Sure	49.23	22.97	0	100	<0.001
Yes	28.92	23.68	0	100
Q30 worried about infecting your family due to your job (0, not worrying at all - 100 extremely worrying)
No or Not Sure	61.33	25.47	0	100	<0.001
Yes	41.99	28.58	0	100
Q31 confidence that you can protect you and your family from being infected (0, not confident at all - 100, extremely confident)
No or Not Sure	56.07	23.05	0	100	0.091
Yes	61.34	24.52	0	100
Q32 your family worried about being infected by you due to your job (0, not worrying at all - 100, extremely worrying)
No or Not Sure	50.87	23.99	0	100	<0.001
Yes	34.97	27.28	0	100
Q33 influenza A (H1N1) affected your daily living activities(0, not affected at all - 100, extremely affected)
No or Not Sure	41.06	22.20	0	100	<0.001
Yes	27.62	24.94	0	100
Q34 influenza A (H1N1) affected the quality of your life(0, not affected at all - 100, extremely affected)
No or Not Sure	38.42	22.79	0	100	<0.001
Yes	24.25	23.35	0	100
Q35 feel depressed in the past 2 weeks(0, not depressed at all - 100 extremely depressed)
No or Not Sure	30.33	25.97	0	100	<0.001
Yes	17.18	20.27	0	100
Q36 feel emotionally stressful in the past 2 weeks(0, not stressful at all - 100, extremely stressful)
No or Not Sure	33.16	26.29	0	100	<0.001

Discussion

With the rising morbidity and mortality associated with H1N1 influenza infection, contingency plans are needed since there is an increase in demand on the healthcare workforce in both hospitals and community settings. Absenteeism of HCWs, whether due to fear about work or due to being infected with H1N1 influenza, is one of the major concerns at the time of a pandemic [10]. Studies that aim at improving our understanding of the characteristics and factors that may contribute to HCWs' decision to work or working conditions that may affect their willingness to work during a pandemic are important as they provide a deeper understanding of how to address HCWs needs and keep then engaged in the healthcare system.

Our study found a large proportion of community nurses being unwilling to work during the current influenza pandemic (76.9%) and the figure is much higher than those reported from nurses who work in the hospitals in Hong Kong (16%) [5] and from other countries (28-50%) [6,7,19]. Our findings are, however, consistent with findings from other studies conducted in the United Kingdom [10] which showed that community HCWs including nurses had the lowest reported likelihood of working during an influenza pandemic among all employment categories. The reasons for the higher unwillingness to work during H1N1 pandemic among HCWs in the community are unknown. We may only postulate that the inaccessibility of a protective working environment or facility, for example, isolation rooms with negative pressure may be the concern for HCWs working in patients' homes and further in-depth qualitative studies may be needed to address this issue.

Additional findings from our study showed that community nurses who had inadequate training in infection control were less likely to express a willingness to continue to work. Similar to findings from previous studies conducted in both hospitals and community settings, the major reasons for being unwilling to work during pandemic or outbreak were the risk of infection to self or family and psychological stress [10,16]. The findings demonstrated that stress levels were significantly associated with higher levels of fear of the risk of infection to one's own and/or family health and potential negative impact of H1N1 influenza on nurses' daily living activities and quality of life. Lack of knowledge, ambiguity regarding one's exact tasks, and questionable ability in performing one's role as rick communicator were all significantly associated with a higher perceived personal risk and a two-to ten fold decrease in willingness to report to duty (new suggested one). Special attention should be paid to this group of more junior community nurses who need more training and guidance in dealing with an emerging infectious disease especially in the community setting. Currently infection control training has focused on infection control in the hospital settings, and our findings suggest that regular clinical training should be enhanced for HCWs working in the community in order to increase confidence among all HCWs including nurses in taking care of patients with influenza and reducing the occupational related psychological stress [10]. The findings also showed that the majority of community nurses felt dissatisfied with the arrangements or management of the suspected H1N1 influenza cases (mean score: 71/100) and that unwillingness to work was significantly associated with the reported dissatisfaction. This may suggest that there is a lack of communication between hospital-based management and community HCWs but further studies are needed to explore reasons for dissatisfaction. Experience of SARS highlighted the need for effective communication and HCWs need full access to information as it becomes available [4].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the willingness of community nurses to work during an influenza pandemic and our findings suggest that this is an important issue for policy makers and healthcare organizations especially for those who participate in the provision of community care. Our strength includes an acceptable response rate of 66.6% which is higher than the last survey exploring hospital staff's working attitudes towards influenza pandemic in 2006 in Hong Kong (39%) (CUHK9). The response rate of other western studies covering similar topics was varied ranged from 34% to 79% (H1N1 2, H1N1 3, 3). Therefore, the SAR territory wide representative covers of all nurses working in the community nursing services in Hong Kong.

Limitation

There were some limitations to this study. First, the marital status and family background of community nurses were not included. Though previous studies showed that HCWs with children were not significantly more likely to be absent, support for child care was reported to be one of the reasons related to the unwillingness to work during influenza pandemic. This may be related to school closure policies rather than hospital management. Nevertheless, this reason was not reported by our participants. Furthermore, we have only reported on the responses to a pandemic among general community nurses employed by the Hospital Authority and, nurses who work in private general practice or with elderly or mentally ill in community centres were not included in our sample. In addition, this was only a cross-sectional study and temporal relationships between unwillingness to work and its associated factors could not be confirmed.

Conclusions

Our study found that a high proportion of nurses who worked for the community nursing services were unwilling to work with the suspected H1N1 patients. Our study also suggests that community nurses need additional training on infection control in the community setting and are suffering increased psychological stress during the current H1N1 pandemic. The provision of targeted education and improved communication may address these problems and increase their willingness to work during an influenza pandemic.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

All authors were involved in the design of the project. The survey tool was designed by ELYW and SYSW. The data collection and analysis were carried out by AWLC and TGG, with the results interpretation carried by ELYW and SYSW in consultation with SG. The first draft of this article was composed by ELYW and was revised critically by all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

Pre-publication history

The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/10/107/prepub

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Research Fund for the Control of Infectious Diseases (RFCID), Food and Health Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government