Table 5.

Results of Logistic Regression Analyses Predicting Difficulties in Word Reading in (a) Grade 1 and (b) Grade 2 from Letter Knowledge, Phonological awareness, and RAN in Kindergarten

	U.S./Australia					Scandinavia
Variables	B	SE	OR	CI	B	SE	OR	CI
(a)
Constant	−2.53	.13	NA		−2.78	.34	NA
LK	−.49	.10	.61***	.51 – .74	−.58	.22	.56*	.36 – .87
PA	−1.19	.16	.30***	.22 – .42	−1.03	.43	.36*	.16 – .82
RAN	.74	.10	2.09***	1.71 – 2.56	.89	.24	2.44***	1.52 – 3.92
(b)
Constant	−2.38	.12	NA		−2.26	.25	NA
LK	−.18	.09	.83*	.70 – .99	−.67	.23	.51***	.33 – .79
PA	−1.04	.15	.36***	.27 – .48	−.13	.35	.88	.44 – 1.76
RAN	.76	.10	2.13***	1.75 – 2.60	.87	.23	2.38***	1.53 – 3.72

Note. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = 95 % Confidence Interval; NA = not applicable; LK = Letter knowledge; PA = Phonological awareness; RAN = Rapid automatized naming.

^*p<.05;

^***p<.001.