We read the article by Barthel and colleagues [1] in this issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy with great interest. They reported that neurotrophin receptors/ligands and specifically nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptor (NGF-R) (TrkA and p75) are expressed in synovial fluid (SF) cells and synovial tissue (ST) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or spondyloarthritis (SpA). The authors also looked for the cellular source of NGF and demonstrated that the T cells and monocytes/macrophages derived from SF of patients with RA/SpA are enriched with NGF. Furthermore, they reported that ST-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) did not produce NGF in vitro. In a recent publication, we observed similarly that NGF levels in SF were significantly higher in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (365.5 ± 85.2 pg/mL) or RA (120 ± 35 pg/mL) than in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (30 ± 6 pg/mL) [2]. However, in regard to the source of NGF, we observed that FLSs produced a significant amount of NGF. Here, we would like to share our observations about the NGF/TrkA system in human FLSs and its function.
Synovial biopsies from patients with meniscal injury without any other joint diseases or PsA, OA, or RA were collected. FLSs were isolated and examined for NGF/NGF-R expression in accordance with our standardized protocols [2]. Using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human NGF (NGFEmax assay; Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) and Hi-D fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses, we observed that under basal conditions FLSs from healthy individuals express low levels of NGF/TrkA. However, there was a marked upregulation of NGF and TrkA in these FLSs following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1-beta (Table 1). A critical observation was that FLSs from patients with PsA or RA produced spontaneously higher levels of NGF and had increased expression of TrkA compared with FLSs of patients with OA (Table 1). Furthermore, we observed that NGF significantly stimulated the proliferation of FLSs derived from PsA synovial tissue (Figure 1). Barthel and colleagues [1] cultured FLSs from only one patient with RA and one patient with SpA and noticed that FLSs did not produce NGF, but the authors do mention that they can't rule out the production of NGF by FLS. We cultured FLSs from 15 subjects (Table 1), and it is also possible that the NGF ELISA kit that we used is more sensitive.
Table 1.
Unstimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes of patients with psoriatic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis express higher levels of nerve growth factor and TrkA
| FACS analyses, percentage of cells | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cells | NGF, pg/mL | NGF+ | TrkA+ | p75+ |
| Unstimulated FLSs (meniscal injury n = 4) | 30 ± 5 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 1.33 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.05 |
| FLSs + IL-1β (meniscal injury) | 110 ± 28a | 12.4 ± 2a | 16.5 ± 5a | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| FLSs + TNF-a (meniscal injury) | 129 ± 23a | 6.3 ± 4a | 11.5 ± 5a | 0.71 ± 0.4 |
| FLSs from patients with PsA (n = 3) | 105 ± 15a | 17 ± 4a | 10 ± 3a | 1.0 ± 0.4 |
| FLSs from patients with RA (n = 4) | 65 ± 4b | 8 ± 0.4b | 5.5 ± 0.4b | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
| FLSs from patients with OA (n = 4) | 34 ± 2 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
Third-passage fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) (5,000 cells in 200 μL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM] complete medium) in 96-well plates were cultured for 6 days. Unstimulated cells were cultured in DMEM only, and stimulated cells were cultured in DMEM with cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (1 ng/mL) and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) (1 ng/mL). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Nerve growth factor (NGF), TrkA, and p75 data of unstimulated FLSs were compared with NGF, TrkA, and p75 data of FLSs of other groups mentioned in the table. a/bSignificantly different from unstimulated cells (aP < 0.001, bP < 0.05 Student t test). FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; OA, osteoarthritis; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.
Figure 1.
Fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) proliferation study by MTT assay: effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the proliferation of cultured FLSs derived from patients with psoriatic arthritis. Third-passage FLSs (5,000 cells per 200 μL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium complete medium) in 96-well plates were cultured for 5 days with NGF-β (100 ng/mL) with or without anti-NGF neutralizing antibody (neut-ab). The optimal dose (OD) of NGF was determined by performing a dose response curve. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate cultures from three independent experiments. NGF demonstrated a significant mitogenic effect on FLSs. NGF neutralizing antibody-inhibited NGF-induced proliferation further substantiates that NGF-induced proliferation of FLSs is a specific biological action of NGF. MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.
A fully formed pannus is characterized by proliferation of FLSs, inflammatory infiltrates, and a marked angiogenesis.NGF and its receptor system are known to influence angiogenesis and cell trafficking [3]. In patients with RA or PsA, pannus tissue adheres to the surface of articular cartilage; proliferating FLSs produce proteinases that degrade cartilage and underlying cortical bone [4]. We noticed that proinflammatory cytokines upregulate NGF/TrkA in FLSs, NGF/TrkA is upregulated in FLSs of inflammatory arthritis (Table 1), and NGF is mitogenic to FLSs (Figure 1). These observations suggest an autocrine loop of NGF for FLS proliferation and suggest that dysregulated production of NGF has the potential to influence the inflammatory and proliferative cascades of PsA and RA.
Abbreviations
ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FLS: fibroblast-like synoviocyte; NGF: nerve growth factor; NGF-R: nerve growth factor receptor; OA: osteoarthritis; PsA: psoriatic arthritis; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SF: synovial fluid; SpA: spondyloarthritis; ST: synovial tissue.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
See related research by Barthel et al., http://arthritis-research.com/content/11/3/R82
Contributor Information
Smriti K Raychaudhuri, Email: smriti_ray@hotmail.com.
Siba P Raychaudhuri, Email: sraychaudhuri@ucdavis.edu.
References
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