Abstract
Purpose
Adjuvant systemic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy improves survival after resection of synchronous colorectal liver metastases (CLMs), but not metachronous. We retrospectively examined if adjuvant chemotherapy with new regimen containing oxaliplatin or irinotecan improved survivals after resection of metachronous CLMs.
Methods
Between 2000 and 2007, 52 patients having undertaken resection of metachronous CLMs with curative intent were identified from Taipei Veterans General Hospital hospitalization registry. One patient with perioperative mortality and another being lost to follow-up within 3 months after metastasectomy were excluded. Thirty-one patients experienced six to 12 cycles of FOLFOX or FOLFIRI chemotherapy while 19 patients with 5-FU/leucovorin (LV)-based chemotherapy following CLM resection. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS) and secondary end point, overall survival (OS).
Results
By the univariate analysis, median DFS was 34.3 months in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group vs 14.2 months in the 5-FU/LV group (P = 0.022). The median OS and 5-year survival rates were longer than 57.7 months (not reached, with median follow-up of 35.5 months) and 54.0%, respectively, in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group compared to 49 months and 34.6% in the 5-FU/LV group (P = 0.027). FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy was shown by multivariate analyses to be an independent factor predicting a better DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.15–0.94; P = 0.036) and a better OS (HR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.083–0.86, P = 0.026) than 5-FU/LV-based.
Conclusions
Adjuvant FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy following resection of metachronous CLMs is demonstrated to have better DFS and OS than 5-FU/LV chemotherapy.
Keywords: Adjuvant chemotherapy, Colorectal liver metastasis, Irinotecan, Metachronous, Oxaliplatin
Introduction
The liver is the major metastatic site of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and is often the only organ affected [1]. Surgical resection has been an effective way to treat colorectal liver metastases (CLMs) and may lead to a hopeful long-term survival [2–6]. Survival benefit of CLM resection has been established with the reported 5-year survival rates ranging from 30% to 65% [2–6]. Among the many factors affecting the outcome of metastasectomy of CLMs, adjuvant chemotherapy appears to have potential impact on survivals of patients with CLMs after resection [7].
While systemic chemotherapy is frequently administered after resection of metastases, the optimal regimen remains to be determined [8–11]. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) after resection of CLMs has been demonstrated to significantly benefit disease-free survival (DFS) but not overall survival (OS) [7, 9, 11]. Since more advanced oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-containing chemotherapies have established their roles in improving survival of patients with metastatic CRCs and also patients with stage II and III CRCs [12, 13], they may have a role in improving DFS or even OS in the adjuvant setting following metastasectomy of CLMs. Nonetheless, postoperative or perioperative adjuvant chemotherapy using oxaliplatin-containing regimens was demonstrated to have benefit in DFS but not in OS, or left OS not surveyed [7, 10, 14]. Since 5-FU-based chemotherapy following liver metastasectomy improved OS only in the synchronous group but not metachronous [15] and since most of the aforementioned data were based on heterogeneous population either with synchronous or metachronous CLMs, a possibility is thus raised that significant survival benefit of patients with metachronous CLMs after metastasectomy may need advanced adjuvant chemotherapy like oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing chemotherapy.
With the current surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, 5-year survival rates of stage II and III CRCs range from 67% to 73% [12]. Most of their survival failure comes from metastases. Patients with an initial stage II or III CRC followed by a metachronous occurrence of CLMs are deemed to be able to benefit from CLM resection if the CLMs are resectable; however, the survival benefit from oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of CLMs has not been established. We analyzed herein the impact of oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing adjuvant chemotherapy compared to that of 5-FU/LV-based chemotherapy on survival following resection of metachronous CLMs.
Patients and methods
Identification of eligible patients
Fifty-two consecutive patients were identified from hospitalization registry of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan between January 1, 2000 and June, 2007 with a primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer, had their initial metachronous CLMs (diagnosis of CLMs >6 months after resection of primary CRCs) resected, and were treated with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The CLMs were treated with a curative intent. Patients with extrahepatic metastases or macroscopic residual disease (R2 resection) were excluded. However, patients with microscopic residual disease at resection margin (R1) were allowed for recruitment. The size of the largest metastatic lesions was measured as the largest dimension on CT scan or MR imaging performed within 1 month prior to CLM treatment. The presence of microscopic residual tumor was determined by pathology with cut margin and lymphatic and vascular vessels in tumor-surrounding tissue being examined.
Adjuvant chemotherapy
All patients identified had ever been treated with adjuvant chemotherapy following liver metastasectomy surgery. They were given 5-FU/LV-based regimens (FU5LV2 or modified Mayo Clinc regimen [monthly 5-day bolus intravenous (IV) 5-FU/LV]: 5-FU at 400 mg/m2/day and LV at 20 mg/m2/day, IV injection from days 1 to 5 every 4 weeks for six cycles) [16, 17] or with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI [13, 17, 18] for six to 12 cycles. The assignment of patients into the two treatment groups was at doctors’ discretion while to a significant extent depending on the reimbursement of the government’s insurance and probably with patients’ age being taken into consideration. The majority of patients (20/26) identified after 2004 were treated with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. Relatively more patients at age >70 were in the 5-FU/LV group than in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group (Table 1). When FOLFOX was chosen, either FOLFOX4 or modified FOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m2 IV over 2 h, day1 plus LV at 400 mg/m2 IV over 2 h, plus 5-FU at 400 mg/m2 IV bolus on day 1, then 2400 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 46–48 h) was administrated [16, 19, 20]. FOLFIRI was administrated as below: Irinotecan at 150–180 mg/m2 IV over 90 min, day1 plus LV at 400 mg/m2 IV infusion to match the duration of irinotecan infusion plus 5-FU at 400 mg/m2 IV bolus on day 1, then 5-FU at 1200 mg/m2/day 2-day (total of 2400 mg/m2 over 46–48 h) continuous infusion [21]. Four patients had been exposed previously to oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment after resection of primary CRC tumor, but at least 6 months apart from the studied adjuvant chemotherapy. CLMs were pathologically proven after resection of CLMs.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with regard to adjuvant chemotherapy following liver metastasectomy
| Characteristic | Adjuvant chemotherapy | Total no. | P a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FU/LV no. (%) | FOLFOX/FOLFIRI no. (%) | |||
| Total | 19 (38) | 31 (62) | 50 (100) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤70 | 6 (12) | 20 (40) | 26 (52) | 0.04 |
| >70 | 13 (26) | 11 (22) | 24 (48) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 13 (26) | 21 (42) | 34 (68) | 1.0 |
| Female | 6 (12) | 10 (20) | 16 (32) | |
| Primary tumor | ||||
| Colon | 10 (20) | 24 (48) | 33 (66) | 0.12 |
| Rectum | 9 (18) | 7 (14) | 16(32) | |
| Stage of primary CRC | ||||
| II | 8 (16) | 11 (22) | 19(38) | 0.77 |
| III | 11 (22) | 20 (40) | 31 (62) | |
| Maximum CLM size | ||||
| ≤3 cm | 9 (18) | 21 (42) | 30 (60) | 0.24 |
| >3 cm | 10 (20) | 10 (20) | 20 (40) | |
| Number of CLMs | ||||
| 1 | 10 (20) | 19 (38) | 29 (58) | 0.57 |
| ≥2 | 9 (18) | 12 (24) | 21 (42) | |
| CLM distribution | ||||
| Unilobar | 13 (26) | 27 (54) | 40 (80) | 0.15 |
| Bilobar | 6 (12) | 4 (8) | 10 (20) | |
| Time from surgery of primary CRC to metastasis (months) | ||||
| ≤12 | 12 (24) | 12 (24) | 24 (48) | 0.15 |
| >12 | 7 (14) | 19 (36.7) | 26 (52) | |
| CEA at metastasectomy (ng/ml) | ||||
| ≤50 | 14 (28) | 25 (50) | 39 (78) | 0.73 |
| >50 | 5 (10) | 6 (12) | 11 (22) | |
| CLM resection margin | ||||
| R0 resection | 18 (36) | 28 (56) | 46 (92) | 0.66 |
| R1 resection | 1 (2.0) | 3 (6.0) | 4 (8.0) | |
| Prior FOLFOX/FOLFIRI following resection of primary CRC | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 4 (8) | 4 (8) | 0.15 |
| No | 19 (38) | 27 (54) | 46 (92) | |
a P values were calculated with the use of Pearson’s chi-square test
Statistical evaluations
DFS was calculated from the date of resection of CLMs to the date of proven recurrence, or death. For patients lost to follow-up, data were censored on the date when the patient was last seen alive without recurrence. OS was calculated from the date of CLM resection until the date of death from any cause. For patients lost to follow-up, data were censored on the date when the patient was last seen alive. DFS, OS, and 5-year survival rate were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. The effect difference between factors was determined by log-rank test. The factors analyzed included age, gender, origin and stage of primary tumor, maximum size of CLMs, number and distribution of CLMs, time from resection of primary CRC to diagnosis of CLMs, serum CEA level at CLM resection, presence or absence of microscopic residual disease at CLM resection margin, and prior adjuvant FOLFOX or FOLFIRI chemotherapy following resection of primary tumor. Factors (age, stage of primary CRC, time from surgery of primary CRC to metastasis, CLM resection margin, and serum CEA at metastasectomy) having impact on DFS with a P value less than 0.1 in univariate analysis were recruited into the Cox regression model. In addition, maximum size of CLMs, number of CLMs, and time from surgery for primary CRC to metastases were also recruited as variables in the Cox proportional hazards regression models for they impacted survival significantly as reported in previous investigations [3, 22, 23]. Hazard ratios (HRs) were presented with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Results
Patients’ characteristics
Among the 52 patients identified for this study by retrospective review of their medical records, one patient was excluded from the analysis for perioperative mortality and another for being lost to follow-up within 3 months after metastasectomy. Thirty-one patients experienced six to 12 cycles of adjuvant FOLFOX or FOLFIRI chemotherapy while 19 patients with six cycles of 5-FU/LV-based chemotherapy following CLM resection.
The patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median age is 70 years (range, 47 to 85 years). At the time of analysis, six patients had died, seven patients were alive with disease recurrence, and 17 patients were alive and disease-free in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group. The corresponding numbers in the 5-FU/LV group were eight, six, and five patients, respectively. The median size of liver metastases is 3 cm (1.2 to 8.1 cm). The number of CLMs was one in 29 patients, two in 19 patients, and three or more in two patients. High percentage of patients older than 70 years is associated significantly with the 5-FU/LV group (Table 1).
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Among the 31 patients in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group, six patients received six cycles of FOLFOX, 11 received eight to 12 cycles of FOLFOX, five patients received six cycles of FOLFIRI, and nine patients received eight to 12 cycles of FOLFIRI. In the 5-FU/LV-based group, ten patients received six cycles of monthly 5-day bolus IV 5-FU/LV while nine patients received 12-cycle chemotherapy with FU5LV2 regimen. No chemotherapy death was recorded in this study.
Survival
The median follow-up time is 35.5 months (10.0 to 96 months). The median DFS was 34.3 months in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group compared to 14.2 months in the 5-FU/LV group (Fig. 1a). Patients in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group had a favorable risk of recurrence compared to patients in the 5-FU/LV group both in univariate (Table 2) and multivariate analyses (HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15– 0.94, P = 0.036) (Table 3). The 3-year DFS rates were 50.8% and 21.1% in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI and in the 5-FU/LV groups, respectively. The median OS in the 5-FU/LV group was 49 months and was not reached (>57.7 months) as of the date of analysis in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group. The 3-year and 5-year OS rates were 85.7% and 54.0%, respectively, in the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group vs 51.8% and 34.6% in the 5-FU/LV group (Fig. 1b). By univariate analysis, adjuvant FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy (vs 5-FU/LV chemotherapy), stage II primary CRC (vs stage III), negative CLM resection margin (R0 resection) (vs R1 resection) and ≤50 ng/ml of serum CEA at metastasectomy predicted significantly favorable DFS (Table 2). Adjuvant FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy and R0 resection of CLMs remained independently significant to predict favorable DFS in the multivariate analysis, and only adjuvant FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy remained the independent significant factor to predict favorable OS in the multivariate analysis model (Table 3).
Fig. 1.
Disease-free survival (a) and overall survival (b) according to adjuvant chemotherapy following resection of colorectal liver metastases. P by log-rank test
Table 2.
Univariate analysis associated with DFS.
| Factors | Patient number | Median DFS (months) | P (log-rank test) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | |||
| FU/LV | 19 | 14.2 | 0.022 |
| FOLFOX/FOLFIRI | 31 | 34.3 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| <70 | 26 | 20.1 | 0.391 |
| ≥70 | 24 | 15.3 | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 34 | 18.9 | 0.647 |
| Female | 16 | 17.0 | |
| Primary tumor | |||
| Colon | 34 | 18.9 | 0.768 |
| Rectum | 16 | 15.4 | |
| Stage of primary CRC | |||
| II | 19 | Not achieved (>33.0) | 0.016 |
| III | 31 | 13.6 | |
| Maximum CLM size (cm) | |||
| ≤3 | 30 | 13.6 | 0.693 |
| >3 | 20 | 33.0 | |
| Number of CLMs | |||
| 1 | 29 | 33.0 | 0.221 |
| ≥2 | 21 | 17.0 | |
| CLM distribution | |||
| Unilobar | 40 | 33.0 | 0.335 |
| Bilobar | 10 | 15.3 | |
| Time from surgery of primary CRC to metastases (months) | |||
| ≤12 | 24 | 11.8 | 0.036 |
| >12 | 26 | 34.3 | |
| CLM resection margin | |||
| R0 resection | 46 | 33.0 | 0.00 |
| R1 resection | 4 | 3.9 | |
| CEA at metastasectomy (ng/ml) | |||
| ≤50 | 39 | 33.0 | 0.003 |
| >50 | 11 | 9.0 | |
| Prior FOLFOX/FOLFIRI following resection of primary CRC | |||
| No | 46 | 17.0 | 0.730 |
| Yes | 4 | 20.1 | |
Table 3.
Cox regression model of the adjuvant chemotherapy with regard to disease-free and overall survivals after liver metastasectomy
| Multivariate analysis with regard to disease-free survival | Multivariate analysis with regard to overall survival | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | ||||||
| FU/LV | 1 | 1 | ||||
| FOLFOX/FOLFIRI | 0.37 | 0.15–0.94 | 0.036 | 0.27 | 0.083–0.86 | 0.026 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≤70 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| >70 | 1.3 | 0.46–3.6 | 0.64 | 2.4 | 0.60–9.3 | 0.22 |
| Stage of primary CRC | ||||||
| II | 1 | 1 | ||||
| III | 2.5 | 0.90–7.0 | 0.081 | 3.0 | 0.76–12 | 0.12 |
| Maximum CLM size (cm) | ||||||
| >3 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≤3 | 0.68 | 0.25–1.9 | 0.45 | 0.75 | 0.19–3.0 | 0.69 |
| No. CLMs | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥2 | 1.2 | 0.47–2.8 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.24–2.7 | 0.73 |
| Time from surgery of primary CRC to metastases (months) | ||||||
| ≤12 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| >12 | 0.66 | 0.29–1.5 | 0.34 | 1.0 | 0.34–3.0 | 0.99 |
| CLM resection margin | ||||||
| R0 resection | 1 | 1 | ||||
| R1 resection | 5.6 | 1.2–20 | 0.019 | 1.0 | 0.11–9.7 | 0.99 |
| CEA at metastasectomy (ng/ml) | ||||||
| ≤50 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| >50 | 1.8 | 0.70–4.8 | 0.21 | 2.1 | 0.59–7.3 | 0.25 |
Discussion
Survival benefit from systemic adjuvant chemotherapy using either 5-FU/LV-based or oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing regimens following resection of CLMs has never proven definitely [7, 9–11, 14]. Subgroup analyses showed 5-FU-based chemotherapy as well as hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of floxuridine (FUDR) chemotherapy following hepatectomy improved survival in the synchronous group, but not metachronous [15]. Contrarily, we have herein demonstrated both DFS and OS benefits from systemic FOLFOX or FOLFIRI adjuvant chemotherapy following resection of metachronous CLMs compared with 5-FU/LV-based chemotherapy. Viewing that adjuvant postoperative or perioperative oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy following liver metastasectomy has been shown to result in better DFS, but not OS, than 5-FU/LV-based chemotherapy [14], the most likely reason to explain the discrepancy is that patients in our study were confined to those with homogeneously metachronous CLMs instead of those with both synchronous and metachronous CLMs as in the other aforementioned studies. Whether patients with synchronous CLMs can have additive survival benefit from oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing adjuvant chemotherapy is unknown, although they are shown to have survival benefit from 5-FU/LV-based adjuvant chemotherapy [15]. Patients with metachronous CLMs are deemed to have better prognosis than those with synchronous CLMs [3, 22, 24]; however, they were known to fail to have survival benefit from 5-FU/LV-based adjuvant chemotherapy [15]. Seemingly, the better the prognosis the less the benefit can be drawn from an adjuvant chemotherapy for CRCs [25]. Patient with metachronous CLMs may need oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing adjuvant chemotherapy following metastasectomy for a survival gain as shown in our study.
The significance of the association of patients’ charactereristics with either adjuvant chemotherapy group was analyzed. As shown in Table 1, patients at age >70 years were significantly higher in the 5-FU/LV group. However, this may not affect the result that DFS of the 5-FU/LV group was poorer than DFS of the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI group since there is no DFS difference (P = 0.39) between groups of age ≤70 and >70 in univariate analysis (Table 2), and also, age is not an independent predictor for DFS or OS (Table 3).
R0 resection margin (vs R1 resection) was one independent significant predictor for favorable DFS in addition to FOLFOX/FOLFIRI adjuvant chemotherapy (vs 5-FU/LV-based chemotherapy); however, it loses its independent value to predict OS in the multivariate model. One reason would be that the effect of the presence of microscopic residual tumor on DFS was offset by the long-term effect of FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy in both the FOLFOX/FOLFIRI and the 5-FU/LV groups once metastases recurred after adjuvant chemotherapy.
We have demonstrated the improvement of DFS, and for the first time, of OS by oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing adjuvant chemotherapy following resection of metachronous CLMs based on a single institute’s population. To further confirm the results, prospective randomized trial is worthwhile. Given the high liver recurrence rate after metastasectomy, combination of regional HAI FUDR with systemic intravenous 5-FU has been shown to improve progression-free survival and 2-year survival for patients after metastasectomy, not specified for synchronous or metachronous CLMs [26]. Deriving from our results, there is a potential to have survival benefit if adjuvant oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing therapy in combination with HAI FUDR is given following metastasectomy of either synchronous or metachronous CLMs. Actually, the potential has been demonstrated in an NCCTG/NSABP trial [27].
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grant (DOH99-TD-C-111-007) from the Center of Excellence for Cancer Research at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan and grant from the Taiwan Clinical Oncology Research Foundation.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Footnotes
Jin-Hwang Liu, Yao-Yu Hsieh, and Wei-Shone Chen contributed equally to this work
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