Artifactual measurement of low serum HDL-cholesterol due to paraproteinemia

Sirs:

High levels of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are well-known risk factors for premature atherosclerotic vascular disease [1, 2]. They are targets for primary and secondary prevention. Interpreting lipid profiles is part of the daily routine for a cardiologist. The most common cause of low HDL-C in western society is metabolic syndrome. More rare are primary lipid disorders (e.g., Tangier syndrome due to an ABCA transporter deficiency or deficiency of apolipoprotein A1) and secondary causes like (ab)use of androgens (Table 1). Extremely low serum HDL levels are associated with an increased risk of death, sepsis and malignancy [3]. A rare but important cause is interference in the biochemical assay by paraproteins, yielding an artifactually low HDL-C measurement result. We present the case of a patient who had his lipid profile repeatedly tested over the course of 4 years and had progressive decline in HDL-C measurements.

Table 1.

Differential diagnosis: Causes of low HDL-C values [adapted from 4–7]

Primary disorders (rare)

Familial primary hypoalphalipoproteinemia

Nonfamilial hypoalphalipoproteinemia

Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia with hypertriglyceridemia

Familial HDL-cholesterol deficiency and Tangier disease

Elevated CETP activity

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency

LCAT deficiency

Secondary disorders

Insulin resistance (elevated triglyceride levels, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, type 2 diabetes)

Acute infections and other inflammatory conditions

Drugs (beta blockers, benzodiazepines, anabolic steroids, progestins, diuretics)

Cigarette smoking

Low-fat diet

Artifactually low in gammopathies

A 74-year-old man presented with fever, cold chills, vomiting, diarrhea and shortness of breath. He did not use any chronic medication. Upon physical examination, he was dyspnoeic with a respiratory rate of 30 per min, an oxygen saturation of 87% at ambient air, a temperature of 39°C, and a blood pressure of 170/120 mmHg with a heart rate of 135 bpm. On auscultation of the heart, there was a regular tachycardia without murmurs. Crackles and rhonchi were present at the base of the right lung. There was no lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. The chest X-ray revealed a large infiltration in the right lung. Respiratory insufficiency and evolving sepsis required admittance to the ICU with mechanical ventilation and vasopressive medication. Initial antibiotic treatment consisted of moxifloxacin with a switch to penicillin G after blood cultures grew Streptococcus pneumonia. The patient developed renal insufficiency due to an acute tubulus necrosis, requiring temporary continuous veno-venous haemofiltration. After 1 week, he could be transferred to the internal medicine ward. Recovery and mobilization were relatively slow in part due to a parapneumonic effusion. When the patient was discharged to a revalidation center (37 days after admission), vital parameters and renal function were normalized.

Three months after his first hospitalization he was re-admitted with pneumonia. Re-evaluation of the laboratory reports of the first hospital episode revealed at presentation an ESR of 132 mm/h and normochromic anemia with a hemoglobin value of 6.0 mmol/l. Three months before admission, a low HDL-C of 0.1 mmol/l had been measured. Because of the recurrent nature of the infection, an immune compromising condition was suspected. Multiple myeloma with paraproteinemia was detected with a monoclonal IgG-λ of 41.7 g/l (Fig. 1) and a plasma beta-2 microglobuline of 7.2 mg/l; plasma calcium was normal. The skeletal survey showed no signs of lytic activity. A peripheral blood smear showed rouleaux formation (pseudo agglutination) of erythrocytes.

Fig. 1.

Densitometric scan of protein electrophoresis (left) with five protein fractions from left to right: albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta and gamma. Electrophoresis (ELP) and immunofixation of serum (right) with anti-IgG (G), anti IgA (A), anti IgM (M), anti-kappa (K) and anti lambda (L)

The bone marrow biopsy was hypercellullar, mainly consisting of plasma cells. There was a monoclonal plasma cell proliferation (47.2%), consistent with multiple myeloma. Immunophenotyping and in situ hybridization showed a monoclonality for IgG-λ. Flow cytometry showed CD56, CD38, CD138 positivity and CD19 and CD45 negativity (Fig. 2). According to the criteria of the International Staging System for multiple myeloma, there was a stage 3 multiple myeloma [8]. Therapy was started with melfalan, prednisolon, thalidomide and later bortezomib with dexamethason with good hematologic response: IgG-λ dropped to 3 g/l. After correction of the paraproteinemia with this therapy HDL-C restored to a level of 1.0 mmol/l (Table 2). Because of the prothrombogenic side effects of thalidomide, acetylsalicylic acid was added for prophylaxis. Besides a short hospital admission due to leucopenic fever after 8 months, the patient was symptom-free at 1-year clinical follow-up.

Fig. 2.

Immunophenotyping of bone marrow aspirate by flow cytometry. FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) plots of CD 56–CD 19, CD 138–CD 38, CD 117–CD 45 were consistent with the diagnosis multiple myeloma IgG-λ. Myeloma cells are typically CD56, CD38, CD138-positive and CD19 and CD45-negative [9]

Table 2.

Chart with results of laboratory tests

	Reference values	Years before and after presentation
		−4	−3	−1	0	1
Cholesterol	3.5–5.0 mmol/l	4.9	4.1	3.8	3.6	5.5
HDL-C	0.9–1.7 mmol/l	0.9	0.8	0.5	0.1	1.0
LDL-C	<4.4 mmol/l	2.8	2.5	2.0	0	2.9
Triglycerides	0.6–2.2 mmol/l	2.6	1.8	2.8	1.8	3.5
IgA	0.70–4.00 g/l				0.22	0.30
IgG	7.0–16.0 g/l				60.3	6.9
IgM	0.40–2.30 g/l				0.07	0.24
M-protein	Absent (g/l)				41.7	3.7
Total protein	60–80 g/l				111	57

Both total and HDL-cholesterol concentrations decrease over the years until very low HDL-C levels were measured. After correction of the paraproteinemia with successive therapy of melfalan-prednisolon and later bortezomib-dexamethason, cholesterol levels restored to initial values

HDL-C measurements were initially performed on a Hitachi 917 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) with HDL-C reagent (HDL-C plus second generation, Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). A reanalysis of the serum sample with high paraproteins with a conventional precipitation method (sodium phosphotungstate-MgCl₂) yielded a normal value for HDL-C of 1.2 mmol/l.

The case presented contains several learning points. First, the laboratory charts disclose a steady decline of HDL-C values over a period of 4 years, reflecting the development of increasing amounts of paraproteins which interfered in the HDL-C assay.

Secondly, interference of paraproteins with HDL-C measurement can occur in various automated analyzers [10–14]. Paraproteins may have unusual specificity for various antigens, including actin, double-stranded DNA, thyroglobulin, insulin, and apolipoprotein [15]. Furthermore, paraproteins may also interfere with the measurement of HDL-C in homogeneous automated assays [10–14]. Interference is most probably due to the formation of a precipitate with the first reagent [12]. The first reagents used in this assay consists of dextransulphate, MgSO₄ and α-cyclodextrin. These reagents are used to block the low density lipoproteins (i.e. to make them inaccessible for the later added cholesteroloxidase). In this way, only cholesterol of HDL particles can be converted in cholestenone and H₂O₂. Using peroxidase, the formed peroxide can finally be converted into color, which can then be colorimetrically detected and used as a measure for the amount of HDL-C [16]. Interference of paraproteins by precipitate formation in the first step gives falsely increased absorbance of the blank and falsely decreased HDL-C values after subtraction from the final absorbance. This interference is unpredictable and independent of the quantity or isotype of paraprotein [10–14]. In the conventional precipitation method for measuring HDL-C, MgCl₂ and sodium phosphotungstate are manually added reagents to serum. They cause low density lipoproteins like chylomicrons, VLDL and LDL to precipitate and separate from high density lipoproteins, which remain in the supernatant. Total cholesterol is measured in the supernatant as a measure for the amount of HDL-C. This manual one-step precipitation assay is not interfered by paraproteins. The difference in HDL-C between the homogenous assay (0.1 mmol/l) and the manual precipitation assay (1.2 mmol/l) is therefore most probably due to the presence of paraproteins. This suggestion is supported by the improvement of HDL-C (1.0 mmol/l) after correction of the paraproteinemia in response to therapy.

Thirdly, according to some reports, measuring (almost) undetectable HDL-C values is extremely rare. In 2002, only 16 (0.06%) out of 247.111 HDL-C measurements in the Clinical Laboratory of the San Francisco Medical Center (University of California) yielded undetectable values [11]; paraprotein interference associated with undetectable HDL-C values was identified in 3 (16%) of 19 paraprotein-containing specimens. In another small series of patients with known monoclonal paraproteins, an extremely low or undetectable HDL-C value was found in 4 out of 13 patients [12]. Recently, Roche Diagnostics has replaced the second generation HDL-C test by a new third generation test with an improved start reagent (R1). Although the frequency of the interference is further reduced we have observed few other cases with falsely low HDL-C caused by paraprotein interference since this replacement.

Fourthly, because of the anemia (and extremely high ESR) on the first day of acute illness, an underlying chronic condition could have been considered earlier. Would a more earlier recognition of the underlying multiple myeloma have benefitted the patient? The extremely low HDL-C values were measured 3 months before the first hospital admittance by the general practitioner. The initial treatment of the patient would not have been different, but a recurrence of the pneumonia might have been postponed by an earlier treatment of the multiple myeloma.

Thus, when measuring extremely low HDL-C levels on routine cardiovascular screening, cardiologists and other physicians may consider the presence of multiple myeloma as a relatively rare but clinically important differential diagnosis.