Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Bacteriology logoLink to Journal of Bacteriology
. 1980 Sep;143(3):1142–1150. doi: 10.1128/jb.143.3.1142-1150.1980

Intermediatry steps in Acetobacter xylinum cellulose synthesis: studies with whole cells and cell-free preparations of the wild type and a celluloseless mutant.

M Swissa, Y Aloni, H Weinhouse, M Benizman
PMCID: PMC294464  PMID: 7410313

Abstract

Intermediatry steps in cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum were studied with resting cells and particulate-membranous preparations of the wild-type strain and of a celluloseless mutant. Exogenously supplied [1-14C]glucose was rapidly converted by resting cells of both types into glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, and uridine glucose 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose and incorporated into lipid-, water-, and alkali-soluble cellular fractions. The decrease in the level of labeled hexose-phosphates and UDP-glucose upon depletion of the exogenous substrate was accounted for by a continuous incorporation of [14C]glucose into cellulose in the wild type and into the above-mentioned cellular components in the mutant. [14C]glucose retained in the alkali- and water-soluble fractions of pulse-labeled wild-type cells was quantitatively chased into cellulose. Sonic extracts of both strains catalyzed the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose into lipid-, water-, and alkali-soluble materials, as well as into an alkali-insoluble cellulosic beta-1,4-glucan. The results strongly support the sequence glucose leads to glucose 6-phosphate leads to glucose 1-phosphate leads to UDP-glucose leads to cellulose and indicate that lipid- and protein-linked cellodextrins may function as intermediates between UDP-glucose and cellulose in A. xylinum.

Full text

PDF
1142

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. BARBER H. A., ELBEIN A. D., HASSID W. Z. THE SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE BY ENZYME SYSTEMS FROM HIGHER PLANTS. J Biol Chem. 1964 Dec;239:4056–4061. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BENZIMAN M., BURGER-RACHAMIMOV H. Synthesis of cellulose from pyruvate by succinate-grown cells of Acetobacter xylinum. J Bacteriol. 1962 Oct;84:625–630. doi: 10.1128/jb.84.4.625-630.1962. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Benziman M., Mazover A. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases of Acetobacter xylinum and their role in the regulation of the pentose cycle. J Biol Chem. 1973 Mar 10;248(5):1603–1608. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Benziman M., Rivetz B. Factors affecting hexose phosphorylation in Acetobacter xylinum. J Bacteriol. 1972 Aug;111(2):325–333. doi: 10.1128/jb.111.2.325-333.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brown R. M., Jr, Willison J. H., Richardson C. L. Cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum: visualization of the site of synthesis and direct measurement of the in vivo process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Dec;73(12):4565–4569. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.12.4565. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chao H. Y., Maclachlan G. A. Soluble Factors in Pisum Extracts Which Moderate Pisum beta-Glucan Synthetase Activity. Plant Physiol. 1978 Jun;61(6):943–948. doi: 10.1104/pp.61.6.943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cooper D., Manley R. S. Cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. I. Low molecular weight compounds present in the region of synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Jan 13;381(1):78–96. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90191-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cooper D., Manley R. S. Cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. II. Investigation into the relation between cellulose synthesis and cell envelope components. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Jan 13;381(1):97–108. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90192-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cooper D., Manley R. S. Cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. III. Matrix, primer and lipid requirements and heat stability of the cellulose-forming enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Jan 13;381(1):109–119. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90193-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. FOLCH J., LEES M., SLOANE STANLEY G. H. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957 May;226(1):497–509. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. GLASER L. The synthesis of cellulose in cell-free extracts of Acetobacter xylinum. J Biol Chem. 1958 Jun;232(2):627–636. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. GROMET Z., SCHRAMM M., HESTRIN S. Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter Xylinum. 4. Enzyme systems present in a crude extract of glucose-grown cells. Biochem J. 1957 Dec;67(4):679–689. doi: 10.1042/bj0670679. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. García R. C., Recondo E., Dankert M. Polysaccharide biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum. Enzymatic synthesis of lipid diphosphate and monophospate sugars. Eur J Biochem. 1974 Mar 15;43(1):93–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03389.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. HESTRIN S., SCHRAMM M. Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. II. Preparation of freeze-dried cells capable of polymerizing glucose to cellulose. Biochem J. 1954 Oct;58(2):345–352. doi: 10.1042/bj0580345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hopp H. E., Romero P. A., Daleo G. R., Pont Lezica R. Synthesis of cellulose precursors. The involvement of lipid-linked sugars. Eur J Biochem. 1978 Mar 15;84(2):561–571. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12199.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. KHAN A. W., COLVIN J. R. Synthesis of bacterial cellulose from labeled precursor. Science. 1961 Jun 23;133(3469):2014–2015. doi: 10.1126/science.133.3469.2014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kjosbakken J., Colvin J. R. New evidence for an intermediate polymer of glucose in cellulose biosynthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. Can J Microbiol. 1975 Feb;21(2):111–120. doi: 10.1139/m75-018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kornfeld R., Kornfeld S. Comparative aspects of glycoprotein structure. Annu Rev Biochem. 1976;45:217–237. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.45.070176.001245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Krisman C. R., Barengo R. A precursor of glycogen biosynthesis: alpha-1,4-glucan-protein. Eur J Biochem. 1975 Mar 3;52(1):117–123. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb03979.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lavintman N., Tandecarz J., Carceller M., Mendiara S., Cardini C. E. Role of uridine diphosphate glucose in the biosynthesis of starch. Mechanism of formation and enlargement of a glucoproteic acceptor. Eur J Biochem. 1974 Dec 16;50(1):145–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03882.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. SCHRAMM M., GROMET Z., HESTRIN S. Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter Xylinum. 3. Substrates and inhibitors. Biochem J. 1957 Dec;67(4):669–679. doi: 10.1042/bj0670669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. SCHRAMM M., HESTRIN S. Factors affecting production of cellulose at the air/liquid interface of a culture of Acetobacter xylinum. J Gen Microbiol. 1954 Aug;11(1):123–129. doi: 10.1099/00221287-11-1-123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Shore G., Maclachlan G. A. The site of cellulose synthesis. Hormone treatment alters the intracellular location of alkali-insoluble beta-1,4-glucan (cellulose) synthetase activities. J Cell Biol. 1975 Mar;64(3):557–571. doi: 10.1083/jcb.64.3.557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Webb T. E., Colvin J. R. The extracellular proteins of Acetobacter xylinum and their relationship to cellulose synthesis. Can J Biochem. 1967 Apr;45(4):465–476. doi: 10.1139/o67-055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Weinhouse H., Benziman M. Phosphorylation of glycerol and dihydroxyacetone in Acetobacter xylinum and its possible regulatory role. J Bacteriol. 1976 Aug;127(2):747–754. doi: 10.1128/jb.127.2.747-754.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Weinhouse H., Benziman M. Regulation of hexose phosphate metabolism in Acetobacter xylinum. Biochem J. 1974 Mar;138(3):537–542. doi: 10.1042/bj1380537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Bacteriology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES