Up-regulation of hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1 in sentinel lymph nodes of colorectal cancer

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the early metastasis-associated proteins in sentinel lymph node micrometastasis (SLNMM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) through comparative proteome.

METHODS: Hydrophobic protein samples were extracted from individual-matched normal lymph nodes (NLN) and SLNMM of CRC. Differentially expressed protein spots were detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis and image analysis, and subsequently identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTS: Forty proteins were differentially expressed in NLN and SLNMM, and 4 metastasis-concerned proteins highly expressed in SLNMM were identified to be hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1. Further immunohistochemistry staining of these four proteins showed their clinicopathological characteristics in lymph node metastasis of CRC.

CONCLUSION: Variations of hydrophobic protein expression in NLN and SLNMM of CRC and increased expression of hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1 in SLNMM suggest a significantly elevated early CRC metastasis.

INTRODUCTION

At present, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide[1]. Its incidence in China has increased rapidly during the past few decades[2]. Since CRC metastasis has a great effect on the survival of its patients and selection of its treatment modalities, it is therefore important to understand the molecular basis of metastasis in order to develop better preventive and therapeutic procedures. CRC development is a multi-step process that spans 10-15 years, with different proteins involved in different steps[3], it is thus of great significance to find out the proteins involved in micrometastasis for early detection and treatment of CRC.

Sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) provide the primary lymphatic drainage of a tumor, thus metastatic cancer cells first spread into the lymph nodes. It has been shown that the prognosis of CRC patients is related to sentinel lymph node micrometastasis (SLNMM)[4,5]. SLN techniques, such as SLN biopsy[6-8] and SLN mapping[9-11], have been used in diagnosis of CRC and can better stage CRC than standard HE analysis. Since SLN is the most intensively exposed to bioactive tumor cell products, it is important to know which proteins play a role in micrometastasis. Therefore, detection of differentially expressed proteins in SLNMM is of great significance in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying early CRC metastasis.

Comparative proteome techniques allow the characterization of global alterations in protein expression during cancer development and has been widely used in many kinds of tumors, including CRC[12]. Current studies on proteomics in CRC are mainly focused on comparison between primary CRC foci, normal tissue, and distant metastasis[13-16], or between different tumor cell lines[17,18], but the technology has not yet been used in comparison between SLNMM and normal lymph nodes (NLN). In this study, the technique was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins in SLNMM in order to find out the early metastasis-associated proteins in CRC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Tissue sample collection

Forty-three cases of moderately differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma (24 males and 19 females) at the age of 39-80 years (mean ± SD = 51.2 ± 12.6 years), who underwent operation from January 2007 to January 2008, were randomly collected from Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China. Endoscopic ultrasonography was carried out 1 d before operation to identify the invasion extent and 0.1% isosulfan blue was injected circumferentially around the neoplasm to mark SLN[19].

A set of lymph nodes were collected during operation and stained with HE and cytokeratin-20 immunohistochemistry (CK-IHC) immediately by two experienced pathologists. Based on HE staining and CK-IHC, the lymph nodes were divided into NLN and SLNMM. All samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until further analysis. All patients recruited in this study received neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy before surgery. Permission for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. All specimens were anonymous and handled according to the ethical and legal standards.

Protein sample preparation

Protein was extracted from 50 mg of frozen tissue by homogenization in lysis buffer containing 4% CHAPS, 2 mol/L thiourea, 7 mol/L urea, 2% NP-40, 1% Triton X-100, 100 mmol/L DTT, 5 mmol/L PMSF, 0.5 mmol/L EDTA, 2% pharmalyte, 1 mg/mL DNase I, 0.25 mg/mL RNase A, and 40 mmol/L tris-HCl, at pH 8.5, and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was centrifuged at 40 000 × g for 1 h at 4°C. The supernatant was saved and stored at -70°C. Supernatants from 10 individual specimens corresponding to each group were pooled to minimize the individual variations, and the protein concentration in each mixed sample was measured with the bicinchoninic acid method using PBS as the standard.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and image analysis

Three hundred micrograms protein of each group was loaded onto a 240 mm linear IPG strip (pH3-10, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) for first-dimensional isoelectric focusing. Protein separation in the second dimension SDS-PAGE (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) was carried out on vertical systems, IPG strips were loaded and run on a 125 g/L acrylamide SDS-PAGE gel in electrode buffer (Tris 0.025 mol/L, glycine 0.192 mol/L, SDS 1 g/L, pH8.3). Electrophoresis was performed with a current of 30 mA/gel for 15 min, followed by 60 mA/gel for 4 h. Each sample was subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis three times to avoid procedural errors. After electrophoresis, the gels were stained with silver nitrate and scanned with an Imagescanner (Amersham Biosciences). The software of PD-Quest 7.3.1 (Bio-Rad) was employed for image analysis, including background abstraction, spot intensity calibration, spot detection, and matching.

Protein identification

Differential protein spots selected were excised from 2-DE gels and cut into small pieces, which were destained, reduced and digested with trypsin overnight. Tryptic digests were extracted and analyzed in a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) (Bruker, Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA). The resultant MS data were then screened against NCBInr and SWISS-PROT databases using the MASCOT search program (Matrix Science, London, UK; http://www.matrixscience.com). Protein identities were assigned if at least 4 peptide masses were matched within a maximum of 100 ppm error spread across the data set and the candidate agreed with the estimated pI and molecular weight from the 2-DE gel.

Western blotting

Tissue samples were lysed following the method for 2-DE described above. Aliquots of protein extracts (50 mg) were separated on a 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Subsequently, the protein was electrophoretically transferred onto a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). After blocked with TBS-Tween 20 (TBST) containing 10% skim milk, the membranes were incubated with mouse monoclonal antibodies against mouse hnRNP A1 and tubulin β-2C, and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against mouse Annexin A1 and Ezrin for 1 h, respectively, followed by peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) diluted at 1:10 000 in TBST for 1 h. Finally, blots were developed with chemiluminescent reagent (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA). In order to equal protein loading, blots were re-stained using anti-actin antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as a control.

Immunohistochemistry analysis

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were deparaffinized and rehydrated using xylene and a series of graded alcohol, respectively. Tissue sections were treated with 3% hydrogen peroxidase for 15 min at room temperature, followed by incubation overnight at 4°C with anti-hnRNP A1 (1:50 Gmbh, Forckenbeckstr, Aachen, Germany), anti-tubulin β-2C (1:50 Saier Biotechnology Inc, Wuhan, China), anti-Annexin A1 (1:100 Saier Biotechnology Inc, Wuhan, China), and anti-Ezrin (1:50 Gmbh, Forckenbeckstr, Aachen, Germany) antibodies, respectively. Finally, the tissue sections were incubated with ready to use peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody (MaiXin, Fuzhou, China), developed with diaminobenzidine as chromogen, and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Statistical analysis

Experimental data were analyzed by Student’s t-test and χ² test using SPSS 10.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Harvesting and identification of SLNMM

A total of 62 NLN and 126 blue-stained lymph nodes from 43 patients were excised and processed. As a result, 37 and 54 blue-stained lymph nodes were considered to be SLNMM with HE staining (29.36%, Figure 1A) and CK-IHC (42.85%, Figure 1B), respectively, and at least one SLNMM was detected in each case.

Figure 1.

HE staining (A) and cytokeratin-20 immunohistochemistry (B) of sentinel lymph nodes (× 200).

Differential expression of proteome in NLN and SLNMM

Sixty-three protein spots were differentially expressed in NLN and SLNMM (Figure 2). Among the 63 protein spots, some could not be identified with incomplete polypeptide fragments, and some were too low in abundance to obtain useful data. Finally, 40 protein entries were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analyses (Table 1). The expression was up-regulated and down-regulated in 15 and 25 protein entries, respectively.

Figure 2.

Representative 2-DE maps of normal lymph nodes (A) and sentinel lymph node micrometastasis (B). The numbered spots represent differentially expressed proteins.

Table 1.

Identification of differentially expressed proteins in normal lymph nodes and sentinel lymph node micrometastasis of colorectal cancer

Spot ID	International proteinindex accession No.	Protein	Score	Sequence coverage (%)	Mr/pI
Up
185	IPI00307162	VCL Isoform 2 of Vinculin	98	11	124 292/5.50
482	IPI00168698	PDZD8 PDZ domain-containing protein 8	198	15	129 681/5.78
5151	IPI00027834	HNRNPL heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L isoform a	119	17	64 720/8.46
501	IPI00216952	LMNA Isoform C of Lamin-A/C	190	41	65 153/6.40
530	IPI00289499	ATIC Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH	252	46	65 089/6.27
741	IPI00021187	RUVBL1 Isoform 1 of RuvB-like 1	133	39	50 538/6.02
1071	IPI00027444	SERPINB1 Leukocyte elastase inhibitor	94	38	42 829/5.90
12661	IPI00007752	TUBB2C Tubulin β-2C chain	134	30	50 255/4.79
1411	IPI00103433	TCP11 Isoform 1 of T-complex protein 11 homolog	108	24	56 675/5.08
14491	IPI00218918	ANXA1 Annexin A1	196	50	38 918/6.57
1649	IPI00554767	CLIC1 18 kDa protein	96	52	17 927/4.71
16501	IPI00746388	EZR Ezrin	133	21	69 353/5.88
1967	IPI00878282	ALB 23 kDa protein	94	36	23 414/5.93
2102	IPI00220766	GLO1 Lactoylglutathione lyase	107	48	20 992/5.12
2410	IPI00216691	PFN1 Profilin-1	62	40	15 216/8.44
Down
391	IPI00021405	LMNA Isoform A of Lamin-A/C	204	42	74 380/6.57
509	IPI00022463	TF Serotransferrin precursor	65	19	79 280/6.81
701	IPI00878282	ALB 23 kDa protein	127	52	23 414/5.93
719	IPI00553177	SERPINA1 Isoform 1 of α-1-antitrypsin precursor	247	52	46 878/5.37
994	IPI00027223	IDH1 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP) cytoplasmic	150	50	46 915/6.53
1042	IPI00021926	PSMC6 26S protease regulatory subunit S10B	85	25	44 430/7.10
1204	IPI00298497	FGB Fibrinogen β chain precursor	204	46	56 577/8.54
1433	IPI00455315	ANXA2 Annexin A2	130	41	38 808/7.57
1442	IPI00295889	SRP19 Signal recognition particle 19 kDa protein	129	38	16 374/9.87
1550	IPI00872780	ANXA4 Annexin A4	217	60	36 088/5.84
1572	IPI00745868	ANXA3 Uncharacterized protein ANXA3 (Fragment)	121	41	36 623/5.53
1715	IPI00394878	C1QTNF1 C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 1	273	68	22 841/8.40
1856	IPI00003766	ETHE1 ETHE1 protein, mitochondrial precursor	124	45	28 368/6.35
1863	IPI00465028	TPI1 Isoform 1 of Triosephosphate isomerase	292	80	31 057/5.65
1890	IPI00025512	HSPB1 Heat shock protein β-1	86	48	22 826/5.98
1919	IPI00853525	APOA1 Apolipoprotein A1	191	64	28 005/5.80
1954	IPI00220766	GLO1 Lactoylglutathione lyase	107	48	20 992/5.12
1961	IPI00219622	PSMA2 Proteasome subunit α type-2	275	70	25 996/ 6.92
1995	IPI00003815	ARHGDIA Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1	91	43	23 250/5.02
2104	IPI00014832	PDK2 [Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2	152	19	51 389/7.67
2237	IPI00096066	SUCLG2 Succinyl-CoA ligase [GDP-forming]	184	23	46 824/6.15
2245	IPI00384679	RNF170 20 kDa protein	184	54	20 773/6.40
2349	IPI00796366	MYL6B 16 kDa protein	97	51	16 451/4.56
2540	IPI00295844	RP11-429E11.3 Novel protein	153	65	15 089/5.49
2564	IPI00796636	HBB Hemoglobin (Fragment)	98	64	11 554/5.90

¹Over-expressed proteins in sentinel lymph nodes and their function-related metastasis of cancer cells.

The 15 proteins with their expression up-regulated were then grouped and classified according to their biological functions (http://www.geneontology.org/) into cytoarchitecture reorganization- concerned proteins including VCL, PDZD8, LMNA, RUVBL1, TCP11, CLIC1, ALB and PFN1, cytometabolism-concerned proteins including SERPINB1, PURH and GLO1, and metastasis-concerned proteins including hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1. The expression and distribution of these 4 metastasis-concerned proteins were further studied to assess the role they play in the progress of early CRC metastasis.

Detection of differentially expressed proteins by Western blotting

Western blotting showed that the expression level of hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1, was significantly higher in SLNMM than in NLN (Figure 3A). The quantitation of protein bands showed that the expression level of the four proteins was about 2-fold higher in SLNMM than in NLN (Figure 3B).

Figure 3.

Western blotting (A) and quantitation of protein bands (B) showing differentially expressed hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C, and Annexin A1 in normal lymph nodes and sentinel lymph node micrometastasis. NLN: Normal lymph nodes; SLNMM: Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis.

Immunohistochemical analysis of proteins in NLN and SLNMM

The representative immunohistochemistry staining of different proteins in each group is shown in Figure 4. The positive expression rate was 54.8% and 69.8% respectively for hnRNP A1, 8.1% and 87.3% respectively for Ezrin, 19.3% and 74.6% respectively for tubulin β-2C, and 14.5% and 53.9% respectively for Annexin A1, in NLN and SLNMM. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the positive expression rate for the 4 proteins was significantly higher in SLNMM than in NLN (Table 2).

Figure 4.

Immunohistochemistry analysis showing differentially expressed hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C, and Annexin A1 in normal lymph nodes and sentinel lymph node micrometastasis (× 200). NLN: Normal lymph nodes; SLNMM: Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis.

Table 2.

Expression of hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C, and Annexin A1 in normal lymph nodes and sentinel lymph node micrometastasis

Group	Case	hnRNP A1			Ezrin			Tubulin β-2C			Annexin A1
		N	P	Rate (%)	N	P	Rate (%)	N	P	Rate (%)	N	P	Rate (%)
NLN	62	28	34	54.8	57	5	8.1	50	12	19.3	53	9	14.5
SLNMM	126	38	88	69.8	16	110	87.3	32	94	74.6	58	68	53.9
χ2 vlue		4.11			109.84			51.57			26.75
P value		0.05 > P > 0.01			< 0.01			< 0.01			< 0.01

NLN: Normal lymph nodes; SLNMM: Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis; N: Negative; P: Positive.

Furthermore, these four proteins were negatively or weakly expressed in NLN, but strongly expressed in SLNMM (Figure 4). Annexin A1 and hnRNP A1 were mainly expressed in cell nuclei and cytoplasm, and tubulin β-2C was mainly expressed in cell membrane. Ezrin was enriched on cell membrane surface of SLNMM, but its distribution in cytoplasm of NLN was uniform.

DISCUSSION

The proteome approach, applied in this study is of clinical importance to identify the differentially expressed proteins in NLN and SLNMM of CRC, since these proteins can be potentially used as tumor markers and anticancer targets.

We marked SLN using isosulfan blue and identified micrometastasis of CRC with HE staining and CK-IHC. The total positive rate was 42.85%, which is consistent with the reported data[20]. A total of 40 proteins were differentially expressed in NLN and SLNMM. Of these 40 proteins, 15 were up-regulated and 25 were down-regulated. The 15 proteins with their expression up-regulation were then divided into 3 groups according to their functions. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the expression and distribution of 4 metastasis-concerned proteins in NLN and SLNMM were significantly different.

The Annexins are a family of calcium-regulated phospholipid-binding proteins with a diverse role in cell biology[21]. To date, 12 Annexins have been found in higher vertebrates. Although no exact physiological function of Annexins has been described, there is evidence that they are differentially expressed in various carcinomas. For example, expression of Annexins at mRNA and protein level is sharply up-regulated in many cancers[22,23], while some data indicate that declined expression of Annexins may play a significant role in tumorigenesis and metastasis[24]. So, the precise role of Annexin expression in pathogenesis of tumors is still unknown. In this study, Western blotting and IHC showed that the expression level of Annexin A1 was significantly higher in SLNMM than in NLN, suggesting that up-regulated expression of Annexin A1 may contribute to early CRC metastasis.

Ezrin, a membrane-cytoskeleton anchor, can affect cell adhesion and regulate tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Wang et al[25] reported that Ezrin expression level is obviously higher in CRC tissue than in normal colorectal mucosa tissue, which is closely related to CRC invasion and metastasis. Elzagheid et al[26] found that intense Ezrin immunoreactivity in cytoplasm can predict poor survival of CRC patients, thus providing clinically valuable information on the biological behavior of CRC. In this study, Ezrin was expressed on cell membrane surface or in cytoplasm, but not uniformly expressed in cytoplasm, which is consistent with the reported findings in pancreatic cancer[27], indicating that membrane translocation of Ezrin may also play an important role in early CRC metastasis.

Cell locomotion, including cancer cell invasion, is closely associated with dynamics of cytoskeletal structures. Tubulin isotype composition may affect polymerization properties and dynamics of microtubules. Portyanko et al[28] showed that tubulin β (III) is associated with tumor budding grade, and changes in tubulin isotypes can modulate the invading activity of CRC cells. In our study, the expression of tubulin β-2C was about 2-fold higher in SLNMM than in NLN, and IHC showed that the staining of tubulin β-2C was weak and mostly gathered around nuclei of NLN but stronger and diffused in cytoplasm of SLNMM, suggesting that the expression and distribution of tubulin β-2C are different in NLN and SLNMM of CRC, and the increased expression of tubulin β-2C is associated with early lymph node micrometastasis, thus leading to poor prognosis of CRC.

HnRNP is most abundantly expressed in nuclear protein of mammalian cells, which is associated with pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport[29]. As a class of protein family, many of its subtypes are related to the occurrence of different tumors, and hnRNP A2/B1 subtype is now used as an indicator in early diagnosis of lung cancer[30]. In our study, Western blotting and IHC showed the expression level of hnRNP A1 was higher in SLNMM than in NLN, indicating that hnRNP A1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of CRC[31,32] and can thus be considered a potential molecular indicator/biomarker of tumorigenesis in CRC.

In summary, comparative proteomics technologies can be used in study of protein profiles in NLN and SLNMM and in identification of early CRC metastasis-related proteins. Increased expression of hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1 in SLN suggests a significantly elevated incidence of early CRC metastasis. However, further study is needed to verify their role in therapeutic target of CRC.

COMMENTS

Background

Tumor metastasis severely affects the prognosis and therapeutic procedures of colorectal cancer (CRC), so early detection of CRC metastasis is of great significance in improving the survival rate of CRC patients. However, no effective protein indicators of early CRC metastasis are available. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) provide the primary lymphatic drainage of a tumor, using proteomics approach to the identification of differentially expressed proteins in SLN may be of important significance in early detection of lymph node metastasis of CRC.

Research frontiers

Comparative proteome allows the characterization of global alterations in protein expression during cancer development and has been widely used in many kinds of tumors, including CRC. Currently, studies on proteomics in CRC are mainly focused on comparison between primary CRC foci, normal tissue, and distant metastasis, or between different tumor cell lines, but the technology has not yet been used in comparison between SLN and normal lymph nodes (NLN).

Innovations and breakthroughs

Comparative proteomics technologies were used to study the protein profiles of SLN and NLN of CRC, and a number of early CRC metastasis-related proteins were identified.

Applications

Increased expression of hnRNP A1, Ezrin, tubulin β-2C and Annexin A1 in SLN suggests a significantly elevated incidence of early CRC metastasis, which may contribute to the diagnosis of CRC and selection of its treatment modalities.

Peer review

Comparative proteomics technologies were used in this study to identify differentially expressed proteins in SLN, which may be of important significance in detection of early CRC metastasis.