Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common intraocular opportunistic infection in profoundly immunocompromised patients with AIDS. It is characterized by an acute, progressive, necrotizing retinitis in patients with a CD4 count of <50 cells/μL. Although the incidence of CMV retinitis has declined because of the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a new syndrome of intraocular inflammation has emerged in patients with rising CD4 lymphocyte counts following ART. This is called immune recovery uveitis (IRU). It is thought to occur as a result of restored immunity to various infectious agents, commonly mycobacterial, Cryptococcus, and herpes virus infections. We report a man who was treated for CMV retinitis and later developed IRU in the form of cystoid macular edema (CMO) even though his CMV retinitis remained inactive. His CMO resolved and visual acuity improved 2 years after the onset of CMO without any treatment interventions.
Keywords: HIV, cystoid macular edema, AIDS, CMV retinitis
Summary
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common intraocular opportunistic infection in profoundly immunocompromised patients with AIDS. It is characterized by an acute progressive necrotizing retinitis in patients with a CD4 count of <50 cells/μL.1 Although the incidence of CMV retinitis has declined because of the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a new syndrome of intraocular inflammation has emerged in patients with rising CD4 lymphocyte counts. This is called immune recovery uveitis (IRU).2,3 It is thought to occur as a result of restored immunity to various infectious agents, commonly mycobacterial, Cryptococcus, and herpes virus infections.4 We report a man who was treated for CMV retinitis and later developed IRU in the form of cystoid macular edema (CMO) even though his CMV retinitis remained inactive.
Case report
In April 2008, a 45-year-old man presented with floaters and blurring of vision of his right eye for 6 days. Examination of the fundus revealed a nasal area of pallor extending from the periphery towards the centre. The visual acuity was 6/24. There was a moderate vitritis but no evidence of retinal hemorrhages (Figure 1). Examination result of left eye was normal. A diagnosis of acute retinal necrosis was made. Total blood count revealed lymphocytes of 0.5 × 109/L and platelets of 107 × 109/L. Total plasma protein was 92 g/L. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test was requested and was found positive. The CD4 count was 42 cells/mm3 (9%), and HIV RNA (viral load [VL]) level was 1.4 million copies/mL. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the aqueous humor was positive for CMV but negative for herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus. The CMV PCR in blood was 2.5 × 105 copies/mL. He was treated with five courses of intravenous cidofovir. His CMV PCR in the blood became undetectable. ART was commenced in June 2008. After 4 weeks of ART, the CD4 count had risen to 200 cells/mm3 (18%), and VL dropped to 6,602. Visual symptoms improved. In October 2008, he noticed blurring of vision in the right eye with a visual acuity of 6/24. His optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan showed CMO (Figure 2). Fundoscopy did not show any evidence of active CMV retinitis. The patient declined intravitreal triamcinolone. In April 2010, his visual acuity improved to a level of 6/12. The OCT of the right fundus showed a normal foveal dip.
Figure 1.
Nasal pallor extending from periphery towards the center without any evidence of hemorrhages.
Figure 2.
Optical coherence tomography showing cystoid macular edema.
Discussion
In a study by Karavellas et al,5 the prevalence of IRU varied from 38% to 63% in patients with CMV retinitis. The median time to develop IRU was 45 weeks. Our patient developed IRU 8 weeks after ART. IRU is associated with CMV retinitis and rapid increases in CD4 counts following ART. Our patient developed CMV retinitis and responded well to ART by showing a rise in CD4 counts and a dramatic drop in VL. As in our patient, in a study by Karevellas et al6 all patients with IRU had inactive CMV retinitis at their presentation. CMV-related vitritis has been reported before the introduction of ART but was associated with active CMV retinitis.
The clinical spectrum of IRU includes vitritis, CMO, epiretinal membranes, and papillitis.6 Our patient developed CMO. Another risk factor for IRU includes surface area of retinal involvement due to CMV retinitis. Patients with >30% of retinal area affected had 4.5-fold higher risk of developing IRU when compared with eyes with a retinal CMV area of <18%.7
Immunohistological examination of epiretinal membrane associated with IRU showed evidence of chronic inflammation with predominant T-lymphocytes. This data, in conjunction with the finding of a positive correlation between IRU and surface area of inactive CMV retinitis, would suggest that IRU may be due to T-cell mediated reaction to CMV antigen present in inactive CMV retinitis.8 The question is whether anti-CMV therapy may provide effective treatment for IRU. Although a study showed a beneficial effect of valganciclovir, other studies failed to prove any beneficial effects.8,9
Four cases with CMO were treated with various treatments: one with a systemic prednisolone, two with injections of triamcinolone,10,11 and one with oral acetazolamide and local ketorolac trimethamine. Visual acuity improved by one line in all patients. In another study, corticosteroid treatment for five severe cases of IRU resulted in improvement in visual acuity without any reactivation of CMV retinitis. However, the use of steroid did not influence the outcome of patients whether they were treated early or those who were treated later. His CMO resolved 2 years following the onset without any steroid or anti-CMV treatment.
In conclusion, ophthalmologists who have a patient with acute retinal necrosis should be alert to the possibility of underlying HIV infection and CMV retinitis. This is particularly important in patients with lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and high globulin as in our case. In addition, a deterioration of visual acuity in patients who have been treated for CMV retinitis does not necessarily indicate a relapse. Clinicians should be aware of IRU in patients who respond to ART and consider clinical observation with masterly inactivity because in some patients the condition is mild and transient, as in our case. Local steroid injection may be indicated in severe cases of macular edema.
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank Mr Mohammed Muhtaseb for supplying the retinal photo and optical coherence tomography imaging.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The author reports no conflict of interest in this work.
References
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