Skip to main content
Indian Journal of Psychiatry logoLink to Indian Journal of Psychiatry
. 2002 Jan-Mar;44(1):14–18.

EXPRESSED EMOTIONS IN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

A Shanmugiah *, Mathew Varghese , Sumant Khanna *,*
PMCID: PMC2953647  PMID: 21206875

Abstract

Social factors are recognised to play an important role in Obsessive compulsive Disorder. There is some evidence that expressed emotions may be high in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. However, no study has looked at the concept of Expressed Emotions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in India. In the current study, 35 patients diagnosed as OCD according to ICD-10 DCR were assessed for Expressed Emotions using Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale. The OCD patients had an increased score on expressed emotions with an increase in both subscales of perceived criticism and emotional involvement, as compared to the normative data suggested by the developers of the scale. There was no significant correlation between scores on these scales and YBOCS, duration of illness or age. The relevance of these factors in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the illness, and as predictive variables to therapy, needs to be explored.

Keywords: Expressed emotions, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (207.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Butzlaff R. L., Hooley J. M. Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Jun;55(6):547–552. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.6.547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Chambless D. L., Steketee G. Expressed emotion and behavior therapy outcome: a prospective study with obsessive-compulsive and agoraphobic outpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999 Oct;67(5):658–665. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.67.5.658. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cole J. D., Kazarian S. S. The Level of Expressed Emotion Scale: a new measure of expressed emotion. J Clin Psychol. 1988 May;44(3):392–397. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198805)44:3<392::aid-jclp2270440313>3.0.co;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Docherty N. M., Serper M. R. Development and preliminary validation of a questionnaire assessment of expressed emotion. Psychol Rep. 1990 Aug;67(1):279–287. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Gift T. E., Cole R. E., Wynne L. C. A hostility measure for use in family contexts. Psychiatry Res. 1985 Jul;15(3):205–210. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(85)90077-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Goodman W. K., Price L. H., Rasmussen S. A., Mazure C., Delgado P., Heninger G. R., Charney D. S. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Nov;46(11):1012–1016. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hibbs E. D., Hamburger S. D., Lenane M., Rapoport J. L., Kruesi M. J., Keysor C. S., Goldstein M. J. Determinants of expressed emotion in families of disturbed and normal children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1991 Jul;32(5):757–770. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01900.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Khanna S., Rajendra P. N., Channabasavanna S. M. Life events and onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1988 Winter;34(4):305–309. doi: 10.1177/002076408803400408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Khanna S., Rajendra P. N., Channabasavanna S. M. Social adjustment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1988 Summer;34(2):118–122. doi: 10.1177/002076408803400205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Leonard H. L., Swedo S. E., Lenane M. C., Rettew D. C., Hamburger S. D., Bartko J. J., Rapoport J. L. A 2- to 7-year follow-up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;50(6):429–439. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820180023003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Parker G., Johnston P., Hayward L. Parental 'expressed emotion' as a predictor of schizophrenic relapse. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;45(9):806–813. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330030003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Steketee G. Disability and family burden in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 1997 Nov;42(9):919–928. doi: 10.1177/070674379704200902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Vaughn C. E., Leff J. P. The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness. A comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1976 Aug;129:125–137. doi: 10.1192/bjp.129.2.125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Vaughn C. E., Snyder K. S., Freeman W., Jones S., Falloon I. R., Liberman R. P. Family factors in schizophrenic relapse: a replication. Schizophr Bull. 1982;8(2):425–426. doi: 10.1093/schbul/8.2.425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Vaughn C. E., Snyder K. S., Jones S., Freeman W. B., Falloon I. R. Family factors in schizophrenic relapse. Replication in California of British research on expressed emotion. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984 Dec;41(12):1169–1177. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790230055009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Warner R., Atkinson M. The relationship between schizophrenic patients' perceptions of their parents and the course of their illness. Br J Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;153:344–353. doi: 10.1192/bjp.153.3.344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Wig N. N., Menon D. K., Bedi H., Ghosh A., Kuipers L., Leff J., Korten A., Day R., Sartorius N., Ernberg G. Expressed emotion and schizophrenia in north India. I. Cross-cultural transfer of ratings of relatives' expressed emotion. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Aug;151:156–160. doi: 10.1192/bjp.151.2.156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Wig N. N., Menon D. K., Bedi H., Leff J., Kuipers L., Ghosh A., Day R., Korten A., Ernberg G., Sartorius N. Expressed emotion and schizophrenia in north India. II. Distribution of expressed emotion components among relatives of schizophrenic patients in Aarhus and Chandigarh. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Aug;151:160–165. doi: 10.1192/bjp.151.2.160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Indian Journal of Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications

RESOURCES