TABLE 1.
Data Inputs for Model Variables
| Description (units) | Mean | 95% Range | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||
| COSTS | ||||
| Standard Influenza Vaccine ($US) | 15.75 | 11.81 | 19.69 | [31] |
| Influenza Vaccine Adjuvant ($US) | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | |
| Influenza Treatment | ||||
| Over the Counter Medications ($US) | 14.71 | 11.03 | 18.39 | [31, 32] |
| Outpatient Visit ($US) | 95.88 | 71.91 | 119.85 | [33] |
| Productivity Loss for Outpatient Visit ($US) | 32.78 | 24.59 | 40.98 | [34] |
| Hospitalization ($US) | 5,402.73 | 4,052.05 | 6,753.41 | [35] |
| Death in Hospital ($US) | 5,000.00 | 3,750.00 | 6,250.00 | [36] |
| Treatment of Vaccine Side Effects | ||||
| Local Vaccine Side Effects ($US) | 0.72 | 0.54 | 0.90 | [31] |
| Systemic Vaccine Side Effects ($US) | 2.88 | 2.16 | 3.60 | [31] |
| DURATIONS | ||||
| Influenza (days) | 7.00 | 5.25 | 8.75 | [37–42] |
| Local Vaccine Side Effects (days) | 1.00 | 0.75 | 1.25 | Estimate |
| Systemic Vaccine Side Effects (days) | 2.00 | 1.50 | 2.50 | Estimate |
| Pneumonia (days) | 10.00 | 7.50 | 12.50 | [36] |
| UTILITIES | ||||
| One Year of Life for Older Adult (QALY) | 0.84 | 0.63 | 1.00 | [12] |
| Loss of Utility/Day | ||||
| Influenza (QALY) | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.81 | [43] |
| Pneumonia (QALY) | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.63 | [36] |
| Systemic Vaccine Side Effects (QALY) | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.00 | Estimate |
| Local Vaccine Side Effects (QALY) | 0.95 | 0.71 | 1.00 | Estimate |
| PROBABILITIES | ||||
| General | ||||
| Older Adult Living in a Nursing Home | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | [44] |
| Outpatient Visit if Develop Influenza | 0.50 | 0 | 1.00 | Estimate |
| Community Dwelling Older Adults | ||||
| Death from Influenza-related Pneumonia | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.47 | [11] |
| Nursing Home Residents | ||||
| Death from Influenza-related Pneumonia | 0.51 | 0.42 | 0.61 | [11] |
| Standard Influenza Vaccine | ||||
| Systemic Vaccine Side Effects | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.14 | [11] |
| Local Vaccine Side Effects | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.22 | [11] |
| Community Dwelling Older Adults | ||||
| Influenza | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | [2] |
| Pneumonia | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.26 | [11] |
| Nursing Home Residents | ||||
| Influenza | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.12 | [11] |
| Pneumonia | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.52 | [11] |
| Influenza Vaccine with Adjuvant | ||||
| Adjuvant Potency | 0.50 | - | 1.00 | |
| Systemic Vaccine Side Effects | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.28 | [45] |
| Local Vaccine Side Effects | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.57 | [45] |
| Community Dwelling Older Adults | ||||
| Influenza | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | [46] |
| Pneumonia | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.13 | [46] |
| Nursing Home Residents | ||||
| Influenza | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | [46] |
| Pneumonia | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.27 | [46] |