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Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online logoLink to Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online
. 2009 Jun 6;65(Pt 7):o1498. doi: 10.1107/S1600536809020613

Isoamyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methyl­sulfin­yl-1-benzofuran-2-­yl)acetate

Hong Dae Choi a, Pil Ja Seo a, Byeng Wha Son b, Uk Lee b,*
PMCID: PMC2969326  PMID: 21582797

Abstract

In the title compound, C16H19BrO4S, the O atom and the methyl group of the methyl­sulfinyl substituent lie on opposite sides of the plane of the benzofuran fragment. The crystal structure exhibits aromatic π–π inter­actions between the benzene rings of adjacent mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.643 (2) Å] and nonclassical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Related literature

For the crystal structures of similar alkyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methyl­sulfin­yl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)acetate derivatives. see: Choi et al. (2009a ,b ). For the biological and pharmacological activity of benzofuran compounds, see: Howlett et al. (1999); Ward (1997).graphic file with name e-65-o1498-scheme1.jpg

Experimental

Crystal data

  • C16H19BrO4S

  • M r = 387.28

  • Triclinic, Inline graphic

  • a = 8.3704 (4) Å

  • b = 10.2956 (6) Å

  • c = 10.524 (1) Å

  • α = 99.977 (1)°

  • β = 105.230 (1)°

  • γ = 100.681 (1)°

  • V = 836.04 (10) Å3

  • Z = 2

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 2.60 mm−1

  • T = 173 K

  • 0.60 × 0.40 × 0.10 mm

Data collection

  • Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan SADABS (Sheldrick, 1999) T min = 0.302, T max = 0.769

  • 7179 measured reflections

  • 3579 independent reflections

  • 3304 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • R int = 0.024

Refinement

  • R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)] = 0.027

  • wR(F 2) = 0.072

  • S = 1.04

  • 3579 reflections

  • 202 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.35 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.59 e Å−3

Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2001); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2001); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1998); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.

Supplementary Material

Crystal structure: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809020613/cv2569sup1.cif

e-65-o1498-sup1.cif (19.3KB, cif)

Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809020613/cv2569Isup2.hkl

e-65-o1498-Isup2.hkl (175.5KB, hkl)

Additional supplementary materials: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report

Table 1. Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °).

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C3—H3⋯O4i 0.93 2.56 3.437 (2) 157
C5—H5⋯O3ii 0.93 2.51 3.383 (2) 157
C9—H9A⋯O4iii 0.97 2.26 3.192 (2) 162
C9—H9B⋯O1iv 0.97 2.61 3.541 (2) 160

Symmetry codes: (i) Inline graphic; (ii) Inline graphic; (iii) Inline graphic; (iv) Inline graphic.

supplementary crystallographic information

Comment

The benzofuran ring system has attracted considerable interest in view of their biological and pharmacological properties (Howlett et al., 1999; Ward, 1997). This work is related to our communications on the synthesis and structures of alkyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methylsulfinyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)acetate analogues, viz. butyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methylsulfinyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)acetate (Choi et al., 2009a) and propyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methylsulfinyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)acetate (Choi et al., 2009b). Here we report the crystal structure of the title compound, isoamyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methyllsulfinyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)acetate (Fig. 1).

The benzofuran unit is essentially planar, with a mean deviation of 0.015 (1) Å from the least-squares plane defined by the nine constituent atoms. The crystal packing (Fig. 2) is stabilized by aromatic π···π interactions between the benzene rings from the adjacent molecules. The Cg···Cgii distance of 3.643 (2) Å (Cg is the centroid of C2-C7 benzene ring. symmetry code as in Fig. 2). The molecular packing is further stabilized by four different types of non-calssical C–H···O hydrogen bonds; the first between a benzene H atom and the S=O unit, the second between a benzene H atom and the C═O unit, the third between an H atom of the methylene group bonded to the carboxylate C atom and the S═O unit, the fourth between an H atom of the methylene group bonded to the carboxylate C atom and the furan O atom, respectively (Table 1 and Fig. 2; symmetry code as in Fig. 2).

Experimental

The 77% 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (247 mg, 1.1 mmol) was added in small portions to a stirred solution of isoamyl 2-(5-bromo-3-methylsulfanyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)acetate (371 mg, 1.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) at 273 K. After being stirred for 4 h at room temperature, the mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and the organic layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate,1:2 v/v) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid [yield 79%, m.p. 387-388 K; Rf = 0.61 (hexane-ethyl acetate, 1;2 v/v )]. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were prepared by evaporation of a solution of the title compound in ethyl acetate at room temperature. Spectroscopic analysis: 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 0.91 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.51-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.69 (m, 2H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 4.18 (t, J = 6.96 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J = 1.84 Hz, 1H); EI-MS 388 [M+2], 386 [M+].

Refinement

All H atoms were geometrically positioned and refined using a riding model, with C–H = 0.93 Å for the aryl, 0.97 Å for the methylene, 0.98 Å for the methine, and 0.96 Å for the methyl H atoms. Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) for the aryl, methine and methylene H atoms, and 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms.

Figures

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

The molecular structure of the title compound with the atom numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

The π···π and C–H···O interactions (dotted lines) in the title compound. Cg denotes the ring centroids. [Symmetry code: (i) -x + 1, -y + 1, -z + 1; (ii) -x + 1, -y, -z + 1; (iii) -x + 2, -y + 1, -z + 1; (iv) -x + 2, -y, -z + 1.]

Crystal data

C16H19BrO4S Z = 2
Mr = 387.28 F(000) = 396
Triclinic, P1 Dx = 1.538 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -p 1 Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 8.3704 (4) Å Cell parameters from 5367 reflections
b = 10.2956 (6) Å θ = 2.1–28.2°
c = 10.524 (1) Å µ = 2.60 mm1
α = 99.977 (1)° T = 173 K
β = 105.230 (1)° Block, colourless
γ = 100.681 (1)° 0.60 × 0.40 × 0.10 mm
V = 836.04 (10) Å3

Data collection

Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer 3579 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube 3304 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
graphite Rint = 0.024
Detector resolution: 10.0 pixels mm-1 θmax = 27.0°, θmin = 2.6°
φ– and ω–scans h = −10→10
Absorption correction: multi-scan SADABS (Sheldrick, 1999) k = −13→13
Tmin = 0.302, Tmax = 0.769 l = −13→13
7179 measured reflections

Refinement

Refinement on F2 Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.027 Hydrogen site location: difference Fourier map
wR(F2) = 0.072 H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0362P)2 + 0.2834P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
3579 reflections (Δ/σ)max < 0.001
202 parameters Δρmax = 0.35 e Å3
0 restraints Δρmin = −0.59 e Å3

Special details

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2)

x y z Uiso*/Ueq
Br 0.09369 (2) 0.119447 (19) 0.255278 (19) 0.03270 (8)
S 0.83063 (5) 0.46517 (4) 0.59651 (5) 0.02459 (11)
O1 0.81346 (14) 0.07754 (11) 0.46466 (12) 0.0215 (2)
O2 1.24425 (15) 0.21464 (13) 0.82349 (12) 0.0254 (3)
O3 1.00246 (16) 0.27962 (14) 0.82283 (14) 0.0330 (3)
O4 0.73464 (19) 0.52767 (13) 0.49185 (15) 0.0335 (3)
C1 0.7776 (2) 0.28864 (16) 0.52535 (17) 0.0202 (3)
C2 0.6130 (2) 0.20245 (16) 0.44185 (16) 0.0195 (3)
C3 0.4469 (2) 0.21889 (17) 0.39790 (17) 0.0222 (3)
H3 0.4214 0.3025 0.4195 0.027*
C4 0.3225 (2) 0.10378 (18) 0.32050 (17) 0.0230 (3)
C5 0.3554 (2) −0.02394 (17) 0.28541 (18) 0.0244 (3)
H5 0.2667 −0.0978 0.2327 0.029*
C6 0.5200 (2) −0.04033 (17) 0.32914 (18) 0.0237 (3)
H6 0.5453 −0.1240 0.3069 0.028*
C7 0.6445 (2) 0.07386 (16) 0.40746 (17) 0.0202 (3)
C8 0.8916 (2) 0.20979 (16) 0.53584 (17) 0.0203 (3)
C9 1.0744 (2) 0.23516 (17) 0.61405 (18) 0.0225 (3)
H9A 1.1371 0.3191 0.6023 0.027*
H9B 1.1206 0.1619 0.5790 0.027*
C10 1.0990 (2) 0.24522 (16) 0.76378 (18) 0.0226 (3)
C11 1.2757 (2) 0.2174 (2) 0.96764 (19) 0.0344 (4)
H11A 1.1845 0.1527 0.9803 0.041*
H11B 1.2802 0.3073 1.0174 0.041*
C12 1.4438 (2) 0.18093 (19) 1.01854 (19) 0.0301 (4)
H12A 1.4417 0.0973 0.9584 0.036*
H12B 1.4531 0.1625 1.1072 0.036*
C13 1.6038 (2) 0.28719 (19) 1.03000 (19) 0.0290 (4)
H13 1.5949 0.3064 0.9407 0.035*
C14 1.6262 (3) 0.4197 (2) 1.1307 (2) 0.0483 (6)
H14A 1.5316 0.4588 1.1004 0.072*
H14B 1.7304 0.4819 1.1373 0.072*
H14C 1.6307 0.4018 1.2180 0.072*
C15 1.7591 (3) 0.2284 (3) 1.0724 (2) 0.0476 (6)
H15A 1.8598 0.2922 1.0746 0.071*
H15B 1.7440 0.1449 1.0085 0.071*
H15C 1.7710 0.2111 1.1608 0.071*
C16 0.7171 (3) 0.4627 (2) 0.7195 (2) 0.0363 (5)
H16A 0.7307 0.5540 0.7680 0.055*
H16B 0.7619 0.4109 0.7819 0.055*
H16C 0.5982 0.4217 0.6743 0.055*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å2)

U11 U22 U33 U12 U13 U23
Br 0.01875 (11) 0.04364 (13) 0.03281 (12) 0.00906 (8) 0.00246 (8) 0.00820 (8)
S 0.0252 (2) 0.01788 (19) 0.0290 (2) 0.00410 (15) 0.00857 (18) 0.00199 (16)
O1 0.0193 (6) 0.0199 (5) 0.0249 (6) 0.0061 (4) 0.0063 (5) 0.0035 (5)
O2 0.0212 (6) 0.0340 (6) 0.0203 (6) 0.0080 (5) 0.0042 (5) 0.0061 (5)
O3 0.0244 (7) 0.0439 (8) 0.0290 (7) 0.0089 (6) 0.0098 (6) 0.0008 (6)
O4 0.0438 (8) 0.0243 (6) 0.0391 (8) 0.0130 (6) 0.0164 (6) 0.0136 (6)
C1 0.0208 (8) 0.0177 (7) 0.0213 (8) 0.0042 (6) 0.0060 (6) 0.0038 (6)
C2 0.0215 (8) 0.0201 (7) 0.0174 (8) 0.0050 (6) 0.0060 (6) 0.0055 (6)
C3 0.0231 (8) 0.0240 (8) 0.0213 (8) 0.0084 (6) 0.0067 (7) 0.0076 (6)
C4 0.0171 (8) 0.0325 (9) 0.0201 (8) 0.0066 (6) 0.0048 (6) 0.0086 (7)
C5 0.0221 (8) 0.0270 (8) 0.0207 (8) 0.0005 (6) 0.0060 (7) 0.0034 (7)
C6 0.0265 (9) 0.0201 (8) 0.0243 (9) 0.0047 (6) 0.0100 (7) 0.0020 (6)
C7 0.0196 (8) 0.0227 (8) 0.0200 (8) 0.0068 (6) 0.0072 (6) 0.0061 (6)
C8 0.0208 (8) 0.0192 (7) 0.0206 (8) 0.0039 (6) 0.0070 (6) 0.0037 (6)
C9 0.0190 (8) 0.0235 (8) 0.0250 (9) 0.0063 (6) 0.0063 (7) 0.0053 (6)
C10 0.0178 (8) 0.0192 (7) 0.0264 (9) −0.0002 (6) 0.0053 (7) 0.0015 (6)
C11 0.0268 (10) 0.0529 (12) 0.0216 (9) 0.0053 (8) 0.0065 (7) 0.0102 (8)
C12 0.0317 (10) 0.0338 (9) 0.0228 (9) 0.0054 (7) 0.0037 (7) 0.0109 (7)
C13 0.0263 (9) 0.0348 (10) 0.0224 (9) 0.0052 (7) 0.0021 (7) 0.0080 (7)
C14 0.0529 (14) 0.0353 (11) 0.0417 (13) 0.0034 (10) 0.0010 (11) −0.0012 (10)
C15 0.0338 (12) 0.0684 (16) 0.0400 (13) 0.0200 (11) 0.0044 (10) 0.0130 (11)
C16 0.0512 (12) 0.0335 (10) 0.0317 (11) 0.0175 (9) 0.0215 (10) 0.0054 (8)

Geometric parameters (Å, °)

Br—C4 1.9047 (17) C9—C10 1.517 (2)
S—O4 1.4984 (14) C9—H9A 0.9700
S—C1 1.7651 (16) C9—H9B 0.9700
S—C16 1.796 (2) C11—C12 1.509 (3)
O1—C7 1.374 (2) C11—H11A 0.9700
O1—C8 1.3791 (19) C11—H11B 0.9700
O2—C10 1.335 (2) C12—C13 1.527 (3)
O2—C11 1.464 (2) C12—H12A 0.9700
O3—C10 1.208 (2) C12—H12B 0.9700
C1—C8 1.358 (2) C13—C14 1.523 (3)
C1—C2 1.449 (2) C13—C15 1.528 (3)
C2—C3 1.397 (2) C13—H13 0.9800
C2—C7 1.403 (2) C14—H14A 0.9600
C3—C4 1.384 (2) C14—H14B 0.9600
C3—H3 0.9300 C14—H14C 0.9600
C4—C5 1.400 (2) C15—H15A 0.9600
C5—C6 1.385 (2) C15—H15B 0.9600
C5—H5 0.9300 C15—H15C 0.9600
C6—C7 1.381 (2) C16—H16A 0.9600
C6—H6 0.9300 C16—H16B 0.9600
C8—C9 1.484 (2) C16—H16C 0.9600
O4—S—C1 106.60 (8) O2—C10—C9 111.26 (14)
O4—S—C16 105.52 (9) O2—C11—C12 107.96 (15)
C1—S—C16 98.25 (9) O2—C11—H11A 110.1
C7—O1—C8 106.47 (12) C12—C11—H11A 110.1
C10—O2—C11 114.98 (14) O2—C11—H11B 110.1
C8—C1—C2 107.39 (14) C12—C11—H11B 110.1
C8—C1—S 124.39 (13) H11A—C11—H11B 108.4
C2—C1—S 128.16 (12) C11—C12—C13 116.26 (16)
C3—C2—C7 119.64 (15) C11—C12—H12A 108.2
C3—C2—C1 135.88 (15) C13—C12—H12A 108.2
C7—C2—C1 104.44 (14) C11—C12—H12B 108.2
C4—C3—C2 116.29 (15) C13—C12—H12B 108.2
C4—C3—H3 121.9 H12A—C12—H12B 107.4
C2—C3—H3 121.9 C14—C13—C12 112.39 (18)
C3—C4—C5 123.73 (15) C14—C13—C15 109.96 (18)
C3—C4—Br 118.49 (13) C12—C13—C15 108.72 (17)
C5—C4—Br 117.77 (13) C14—C13—H13 108.6
C6—C5—C4 120.00 (15) C12—C13—H13 108.6
C6—C5—H5 120.0 C15—C13—H13 108.6
C4—C5—H5 120.0 C13—C14—H14A 109.5
C7—C6—C5 116.59 (15) C13—C14—H14B 109.5
C7—C6—H6 121.7 H14A—C14—H14B 109.5
C5—C6—H6 121.7 C13—C14—H14C 109.5
O1—C7—C6 125.46 (15) H14A—C14—H14C 109.5
O1—C7—C2 110.78 (14) H14B—C14—H14C 109.5
C6—C7—C2 123.75 (15) C13—C15—H15A 109.5
C1—C8—O1 110.91 (14) C13—C15—H15B 109.5
C1—C8—C9 133.32 (15) H15A—C15—H15B 109.5
O1—C8—C9 115.60 (14) C13—C15—H15C 109.5
C8—C9—C10 111.79 (14) H15A—C15—H15C 109.5
C8—C9—H9A 109.3 H15B—C15—H15C 109.5
C10—C9—H9A 109.3 S—C16—H16A 109.5
C8—C9—H9B 109.3 S—C16—H16B 109.5
C10—C9—H9B 109.3 H16A—C16—H16B 109.5
H9A—C9—H9B 107.9 S—C16—H16C 109.5
O3—C10—O2 123.95 (17) H16A—C16—H16C 109.5
O3—C10—C9 124.76 (16) H16B—C16—H16C 109.5
O4—S—C1—C8 137.41 (15) C1—C2—C7—O1 0.44 (18)
C16—S—C1—C8 −113.60 (16) C3—C2—C7—C6 1.1 (2)
O4—S—C1—C2 −39.41 (17) C1—C2—C7—C6 179.05 (16)
C16—S—C1—C2 69.57 (17) C2—C1—C8—O1 0.16 (19)
C8—C1—C2—C3 177.04 (18) S—C1—C8—O1 −177.22 (11)
S—C1—C2—C3 −5.7 (3) C2—C1—C8—C9 −174.86 (17)
C8—C1—C2—C7 −0.36 (18) S—C1—C8—C9 7.8 (3)
S—C1—C2—C7 176.90 (13) C7—O1—C8—C1 0.11 (18)
C7—C2—C3—C4 −0.5 (2) C7—O1—C8—C9 176.10 (14)
C1—C2—C3—C4 −177.59 (18) C1—C8—C9—C10 73.0 (2)
C2—C3—C4—C5 −0.2 (2) O1—C8—C9—C10 −101.84 (16)
C2—C3—C4—Br −179.23 (12) C11—O2—C10—O3 3.6 (2)
C3—C4—C5—C6 0.3 (3) C11—O2—C10—C9 −178.09 (14)
Br—C4—C5—C6 179.34 (13) C8—C9—C10—O3 −26.2 (2)
C4—C5—C6—C7 0.3 (2) C8—C9—C10—O2 155.53 (14)
C8—O1—C7—C6 −178.93 (16) C10—O2—C11—C12 −179.92 (14)
C8—O1—C7—C2 −0.35 (17) O2—C11—C12—C13 70.7 (2)
C5—C6—C7—O1 177.40 (15) C11—C12—C13—C14 62.3 (2)
C5—C6—C7—C2 −1.0 (2) C11—C12—C13—C15 −175.75 (17)
C3—C2—C7—O1 −177.47 (14)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H···A D—H H···A D···A D—H···A
C3—H3···O4i 0.93 2.56 3.437 (2) 157
C5—H5···O3ii 0.93 2.51 3.383 (2) 157
C9—H9A···O4iii 0.97 2.26 3.192 (2) 162
C9—H9B···O1iv 0.97 2.61 3.541 (2) 160

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (iii) −x+2, −y+1, −z+1; (iv) −x+2, −y, −z+1.

Footnotes

Supplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: CV2569).

References

  1. Brandenburg, K. (1998). DIAMOND Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany.
  2. Bruker (2001). SAINT and SMART Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  3. Choi, H. D., Seo, P. J., Son, B. W. & Lee, U. (2009a). Acta Cryst. E65, o265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  4. Choi, H. D., Seo, P. J., Son, B. W. & Lee, U. (2009b). Acta Cryst. E65, o520. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  5. Farrugia, L. J. (1997). J. Appl. Cryst.30, 565.
  6. Howlett, D. R., Perry, A. E., Godfrey, F., Swatton, J. E., Jennings, K. H., Spitzfaden, C., Wadsworth, H., Wood, S. J. & Markwell, R. E. (1999). Biochem. J 340, 283–289. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  7. Sheldrick, G. M. (1999). SADABS University of Göttingen, Germany.
  8. Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. [DOI] [PubMed]
  9. Ward, R. S. (1997). Nat. Prod. Rep 14, 43–74.

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Crystal structure: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809020613/cv2569sup1.cif

e-65-o1498-sup1.cif (19.3KB, cif)

Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809020613/cv2569Isup2.hkl

e-65-o1498-Isup2.hkl (175.5KB, hkl)

Additional supplementary materials: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report


Articles from Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online are provided here courtesy of International Union of Crystallography

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