Abstract
Background
Patients with chronic lateral ankle instability also have peroneal tendinopathy often. However, preoperative MRIs of these patients are vague in many cases. Our study was performed to see the reliability of MRI findings of peroneal tendinopathy in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability.
Methods
MRI images for 82 patients who had chronic lateral ankle instability, and had received surgical treatment between March 2006 and November 2009 were compared with impressions from operating rooms. The mean age of patients was 36.4 years (range, 15 to 64 years), 82 ankles were studied, and patients with rheumatoid diseases were excluded from the study.
Results
Of the 82 cases, 26 were true positives, 38 true negatives, 13 false positives and 5 false negatives. Of 39 cases of peroneal tendinopathy diagnosed from MRI, 14 had peroneal tendon partial tears, 15 tenosynovitis, 3 dislocations, 17 low-lying muscle bellies, and 6 peroneus quartus muscles. Of 31 cases of peroneal tendinopathy observed in surgery 11 had peroneal tendon partial tears, 4 tenosynovitis, 5 dislocations, 12 low-lying muscle belliess, and 1 peroneus quartus muscle. Sensitivity and specificity of peroneal tendinopathy were 83.9% and 74.5%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 66.7%. Negative predictive value was 88.4%. Accuracy rate was 78.0%.
Conclusions
MRI is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting peroneal tendinopathy in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. However, MRI is vague in many cases. Therefore, a thorough delicate physical examination and careful observation is needed.
Keywords: Peroneal tendinopathy, Chronic lateral ankle instability, MRI
Peroneal tendinopathy including tenosynovitis and tendon partial tear are common in patients with chronic ankle discomfort. Instability caused by repetitive ankle sprains and peroneal dislocation following a superior peroneal retinaculum injury can coexist in some cases.1-4) The cause of peroneal tendinopathy is repetitive mechanical stress, not a traumatic injury in most cases.1,5-9) and MRI is regarded as a useful diagnostic tool prior to surgical intervention. However, an unambiguous identification of the disease is difficult to obtain because of anatomical characteristics such as the oblique course of the peroneal tendon and confusion with normal variants.1,10) Our study assessed the reliability of MRI by comparing MRI findings and operative findings of peroneal tendinopathy in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability.
METHODS
Of the patients who had visited our hospital due to ankle sprains and discomfort lasting more than 6 months between March 2006 and November 2009, 82 who underwent lateral ankle reconstruction under the diagnosis of chronic lateral ankle instability based on the preoperative MRI findings were included in this study. There were 47 males and 35 females with an average age of 36.4 years (range, 15 to 64 years). A total of 82 ankles were examined (50 right and 32 left ankles). Patients with rheumatic diseases were excluded.
MRI
T1- and T2-weighted sagittal and axial images were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla Phillips MRI scanner. The repetition time and echo time for the T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were 500-600 msec and 11-15 msec, and 2,000 msec and 11-15 msec, respectively. The repetition time and echo time for the T2-weighted fat suppression images were 3,400-3,600 msec and 11-15 msec. The other acquisition parameters were as follows: field of view, 150 × 150 mm; matrix size, 224 × 224; and slice thickness, 4 mm.
MRI Assessment
The MRI images obtained were assessed by two radiologists using PACS (M-view ver. 5.0, Marotech, Korea). They were unaware of the patients' clinical symptoms and other test results.
They were asked to assess the MRI images on two occasions in two separate places without consultation or discussion with each other. The assessments were performed with an interval of two weeks and the inter- and intra-observer reliability was calculated. The patients were identified only by randomly assigned numbers.
Definition of Peroneal Tendinopathy
Peroneal tenosynovitis was defined as the appearance of fluid collection within the common peroneal tendon sheath, increased signal intensity within the tendon, or hypertrophy of the tendon on T2-weighted sagittal and axial images11,12) and observation of increased synovial fluid and thickening of the tendon and synovial sheath during surgery. The low lying peroneal muscle belly was defined as extension of the muscle belly distal to the fibular groove (Fig. 1).5,9) Dislocation of the peroneal tendon was defined as displacement of the tendon lateral to the retromalleolar groove. The peroneus quartus was defined as a an accessory muscle originating from the lateral portion of the distal fibula and descending posteromedially to be inserted into the lateral side of the calcaneus (Fig. 2).5,13)
Fig. 1.
(A) A T2-weighted axial image of an ankle MRI showing crowding of the muscle tissue of the peroneus brevis tendon within the superior peroneal retinaculum (white arrow). (B) In the same area, extension of the muscle tissue of the peroneus brevis tendon distal to the fibular groove is observed (black arrow).
Fig. 2.
(A) The T2-weighted axial image of ankle MRI shows the peroneus quartus muscle at the posteromedial aspect of the peroneus tendons (white arrow). (B) In the same area, the peroneus quartus tendon is observed (white arrow).
Surgical Findings
Patients were placed in the supine position under general anesthesia. A curve shaped skin incision extending from 2 cm superior to 2 cm inferior to the distal fibular epiphysis was made. A lateral ankle reconstruction using a modified Brostrom technique was performed to treat the chronic lateral ankle instability and ankle discomfort. During the procedure, the peroneal tendon at the fibular groove located posterior to the distal fibular epiphysis was examined. Small incisions were made on the tendon sheath and the superior peroneal retinaculum to identify tenosynovitis, partial tears, low lying peroneal muscle belly, and peroneus quartus. Tenosynovitis and tendon tears were treated with debridement and debridement or coronal suture, respectively. For subluxation and dislocation of the tendon, fibular groove deepening or superior peroneal retinaculum repair were performed. Low lying peroneal muscle bellies were excised.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS ver. 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Inter- and intra-observer reliability were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) introduced by Shrout and Fleiss.14) The ICCs can range from 0 (no agreement) to 1 (perfect agreement): a value of 0.00-0.39 was considered poor agreement, 0.40-0.74, moderate agreement, and 0.75-1.00, excellent agreement.
RESULTS
MRI Reliability
Based on the surgical findings, the MRI findings were true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN), and false negative (FN) in 26, 13, 38, and 5, respectively, of the total 82 cases (Table 1). Accordingly, the MRI sensitivity and specificity were 83.9%, and 74.5%, respectively, with the positive predictive value (PPV), the negative predictive value (NPV), and the accuracy rate being 66.7%, 88.4%, and 78.0%, respectively. Of the 39 MRI-identified peroneal lesions, a partial peroneal tendon tear, peroneal tenosynovitis, peroneal tendon dislocation, low-lying muscle belly, and peroneus quartus were observed in 14, 15, 3, 17, and 6 cases, respectively (Table 2). Of the 31 peroneal lesions identified during surgery, a partial peroneal tendon tear, peroneal tenosynovitis, peroneal tendon dislocation, low-lying muscle belly, and peroneus quartus were noted in 11, 4, 5, 12, and 1, respectively (Table 2). The MRI sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and the accuracy rate for detection of a partial tear were 54.5%, 88.7%, 42.9%, 92.6%, and 84.1%, respectively.Values for peroneal tenosynovitis detection were 25%, 95.5%, 6.7%, 82.1%, and 79.3%, respectively (Table 2).
Table 1.
The Number of Positive and Negative Peroneal Tendinopathy Patients in the MRI Group and in the Surgery Group
Table 2.
Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value, and Accuracy Rate from the Result of MRI and Operative Findings on Peroneal Tendinopathies
Inter- and Intra-Observer Reliability of MRI Findings
The overall intraobserver reliability was moderate, except that it was excellent for peroneal tendinopathy (ICCs, 0.942) and peroneal tendon tear (ICCs, 0.928) for observer 2 (Table 3). The overall interobserver reliability was moderate, although it was poor for the 1st assessment of the peroneal tenosynovitis (ICCs, 0.263) (Table 4).
Table 3.
Intraobserver Agreement
ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient.
Table 4.
Interobserver Agreement
ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient.
DISCUSSION
The peroneus longus and peroneus brevis tendons are the stabilizers of the ankle that are responsible for inversion and plantarflexion of the ankle.7) They lie lateral to the ankle and travel along the groove posterior to the distal fibular epiphysis.1,15-18) Acute tears and dislocation of the peroneal tendons are often observed in young athletes, whereas tenosynovitis and partial tears are caused mostly by repetitive mechanical stress rather than traumatic injury.1,3,5-9,19) Indeed, most patients with chronic lateral ankle instability and a partial longitudinal tear of the peroneus brevis tendon have a history of repetitive ankle sprains or an inversion trauma. The etiology of peroneal tendon partial tears is thought to be direct contact between the peroneus brevis tendon and the lateral malleolus coupled with compression from the peroneus longus tendon during contraction.8,4,20) Once a longitudinal peroneus brevis tendon tear occurs, the peroneus longus tendon contracts and passes into the longitudinally torn peroneus brevis tendon preventing healing and causing tenosynovitis involving chronic pain, edema, and joint motion restriction.20) Low lying peroneal muscle belly causes a crowding effect in the retromalleolar groove located medial to the peroneal retinaculum, predisposing to peroneal tendinopathy or superior peroneal retinaculum injuries.5,9) Peroneus quartus is found in 13-22% of the population and typically inserts onto the retrotrochlear eminence of the lateral side of the calcaneus or onto the peroneal tubercle, although its origins and insertions are various.5,11,13,21) The presence of a peroneus quartus should be identified considering that it can be attributable to constant ankle pain, chronic lateral ankle instability, and subluxation of the peroneal tendons.
MRI is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting peroneal tendinopathy and dysplastic variations, and peroneal tendons can be best evaluated on T2-weighted axial images taken with the ankle slightly plantarflexed (Fig. 3).5,8,15,16,18,20,22) A normal peroneus brevis tendon is seen as round or flat shaped near the peroneal groove on axial MRI images and a peroneal tendon tear can be best detected at the tip of the lateral malleolus on axial images.2,23) A longitudinally torn peroneal brevis tendon is seen as chevron-shaped, surrounding the peroneus longus tendon, or rejoining each other at a distal site on axial images (Fig. 4).2,23,24) A normal peroneal brevis tendon can be mistaken for being partially torn when seen as chevron-shaped due to an increase in signal intensity on T1-weighted axial images, the so-called magic angle phenomenon. In such cases, T2-weighted images can be helpful. If abnormal findings are also noted on T2-weighted images, a tendon tear can be suspected.5,11,15,20) MRI is also described as a useful diagnostic modality for peroneal tendon partial tears by DIGiovanni et al.4) (Table 5).
Fig. 3.
The normal peroneus longus and brevis tendons are observed as a tubular shaped object distal to the lateral malleolus on the T1-weighted axial image taken with the ankle slightly plantarflexed (black arrow).
Fig. 4.
(A) This T2-weighted fat suppression axial image of an ankle MRI shows a split tear and enlarged shape of the peroneus brevis tendon (white arrow). Around peroneus tendons, an increase in synovial fluid is observed. (B) In the same area, a split tear of the peroneus brevis tendon and thickened synovium is observed (black arrow).
Table 5.
Comparison of Lateral Ankle Instability with Associated Peroneal Tendon Tear
The positive predictive value of MRI for peroneal tendon lesions was relatively low at 66.7% whereas the negative predictive value was fairly high at 88.4%. This was because the oblique course of the tendons was difficult to be visualized accurately by MRI. They run from the lateral side of the proximal fibula through the posterior side of the distal fibula, and MRI images of them are often misleading due to the 3-dimensional pathway. Accordingly, surgeons are recommended to factor in such characteristic of the tendons in analyzing MRI images to avoid a misdiagnosis (Fig. 5). In addition, they should guard against excessive reliance on MRI because it can lead to unnecessary surgical interventions. As seen in Table 1, the total number of false positive cases (13) was equivalent to 50% of the true positive cases (26) in this study. Signs of peroneal tenosynovitis include the appearance of fluid collection within the common peroneal tendon sheath and hypertrophy of the tendon on T2-weighted sagittal and axial images.11,12) However, hypertrophy of the tendon was difficult to determine during surgery and thus the positive predictive value of MRI for tenosynovitis was lower than that for other lesions. The prevalence of peroneus quartus is known to be 13 to 22% and it was as low as 10% in a cadaver study by Cheung et al.13) Although the size of our study population limited our ability to provide a rigorous statistical prediction, the positive predictive value of MRI for peroneus quartus was 16.7%. Of the 82 patients, 5 had positive findings on MRI and peroneus quartus was confirmed during surgery in 1 of them. It is attributable to the fact that peroneus quartus is often confused with a peroneal tendon tear and comes in various forms.27)
Fig. 5.
(A) A T2-weighted fat suppressed axial image of an ankle MRI shows a split tear of the peroneus brevis tendon (white arrows). The peroneus brevis tendon is split and is observed to have a chevron shape. (B) But, in the operative field, the peroneus brevis tendon was intact and the low-lying muscle belly of peroneus brevis muscle was observed.
In conclusion, MRI is a useful diagnostic modality for detecting peroneal tendinopathy in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. However, the PPV, accuracy rate, and interobserver reliability of MRI findings were found to be relatively low in this study. Therefore, thorough physical examinations and careful observation should also be performed in combination with MRI scanning for a definitive diagnosis of peroneal tendinopathy.
Footnotes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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