Skip to main content
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1989 Nov;86(22):8837–8841. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.22.8837

Ecological systems and the concept of biological organization

Jerzy Kolasa 1,*, S T A Pickett 1
PMCID: PMC298385  PMID: 16594088

Abstract

An axiomatic system is proposed to improve identification, description, and analysis of complex ecological systems. Such systems are assumed to be organized and have structure. Organization is the complex of interactions and properties of structure that make the perpetuation of structure possible. An entity of structure is assumed to be composed of other entities. The term entity is adopted as a “primitive term.” The concept of minimum interactive structure is imposed as an epistemological constraint on the structural infinity of real systems. Other terms are defined as either relations between entities of structure, derived properties resulting from combining such entities into entities of higher order, or conditions necessary for this assembly. Organization is a composite term and consists of complementarity, coordination, integration, and hierarchy. Evaluation of overall organization of an ecological entity appears theoretically possible through parametrization and quantification of these components of organization.

Full text

PDF
8837

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Atlan H. On a formal definition of organization. J Theor Biol. 1974 Jun;45(2):295–304. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(74)90115-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ulanowicz R. E. An hypothesis on the development of natural communities. J Theor Biol. 1980 Jul 21;85(2):223–245. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(80)90019-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES