Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1989 Dec;86(23):9461–9464. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9461

Control of lymphokine expression in T helper 2 cells.

E Muñoz 1, A Zubiaga 1, D Olson 1, B T Huber 1
PMCID: PMC298516  PMID: 2531899

Abstract

In this report we present evidence that Con A-activated T helper 2 cells transcribe the interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene when cycloheximide is added 3 hr after stimulation. This IL-2 mRNA can be translated into functional protein. However, no steady-state mRNA for gamma-interferon can be detected under the same experimental conditions. Furthermore, when cycloheximide is administered at time 0 of activation, no IL-2 mRNA is seen. Nuclear run-on experiments indicate that IL-2 transcription in T helper 2 cells depends on the presence of cycloheximide. It is likely, therefore, that activation of T helper 2 cells leads to the production of a labile regulatory protein that represses the expression of the IL-2 gene. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism that governs the differentiation of interleukin 4-producing T helper 2 cells from IL-2-producing precursor cells.

Full text

PDF
9461

Images in this article

9462Image
on p.9462
9462Image
on p.9462
9462Image
on p.9462
9463Image
on p.9463
9463Image
on p.9463

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Church G. M., Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1991–1995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Durand D. B., Shaw J. P., Bush M. R., Replogle R. E., Belagaje R., Crabtree G. R. Characterization of antigen receptor response elements within the interleukin-2 enhancer. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Apr;8(4):1715–1724. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Efrat S., Kaempfer R. Control of biologically active interleukin 2 messenger RNA formation in induced human lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 May;81(9):2601–2605. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.9.2601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Erickson J. M., Rushford C. L., Dorney D. J., Wilson G. N., Schmickel R. D. Structure and variation of human ribosomal DNA: molecular analysis of cloned fragments. Gene. 1981 Dec;16(1-3):1–9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90055-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Greenberg M. E., Ziff E. B. Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene. Nature. 1984 Oct 4;311(5985):433–438. doi: 10.1038/311433a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Hagiwara H., Yokota T., Luh J., Lee F., Arai K., Arai N., Zlotnik A. The AKR thymoma BW5147 is able to produce lymphokines when stimulated with calcium ionophore and phorbol ester. J Immunol. 1988 Mar 1;140(5):1561–1565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hayakawa K., Hardy R. R. Phenotypic and functional alteration of CD4+ T cells after antigen stimulation. Resolution of two populations of memory T cells that both secrete interleukin 4. J Exp Med. 1989 Jun 1;169(6):2245–2250. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.6.2245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Heckford S. E., Gelmann E. P., Agnor C. L., Jacobson S., Zinn S., Matis L. A. Distinct signals are required for proliferation and lymphokine gene expression in murine T cell clones. J Immunol. 1986 Dec 1;137(11):3652–3663. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hoyos B., Ballard D. W., Böhnlein E., Siekevitz M., Greene W. C. Kappa B-specific DNA binding proteins: role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression. Science. 1989 Apr 28;244(4903):457–460. doi: 10.1126/science.2497518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kaye J., Porcelli S., Tite J., Jones B., Janeway C. A., Jr Both a monoclonal antibody and antisera specific for determinants unique to individual cloned helper T cell lines can substitute for antigen and antigen-presenting cells in the activation of T cells. J Exp Med. 1983 Sep 1;158(3):836–856. doi: 10.1084/jem.158.3.836. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kupper T., Horowitz M., Lee F., Robb R., Flood P. M. Autocrine growth of T cells independent of interleukin 2: identification of interleukin 4 (IL 4, BSF-1) as an autocrine growth factor for a cloned antigen-specific helper T cell. J Immunol. 1987 Jun 15;138(12):4280–4287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Lenardo M. J., Fan C. M., Maniatis T., Baltimore D. The involvement of NF-kappa B in beta-interferon gene regulation reveals its role as widely inducible mediator of signal transduction. Cell. 1989 Apr 21;57(2):287–294. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90966-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Linial M., Gunderson N., Groudine M. Enhanced transcription of c-myc in bursal lymphoma cells requires continuous protein synthesis. Science. 1985 Dec 6;230(4730):1126–1132. doi: 10.1126/science.2999973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Mosmann T. R., Cherwinski H., Bond M. W., Giedlin M. A., Coffman R. L. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol. 1986 Apr 1;136(7):2348–2357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Nabel G. J., Gorka C., Baltimore D. T-cell-specific expression of interleukin 2: evidence for a negative regulatory site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(9):2934–2938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.9.2934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Osborn L., Kunkel S., Nabel G. J. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(7):2336–2340. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Schwartz R. H. T-lymphocyte recognition of antigen in association with gene products of the major histocompatibility complex. Annu Rev Immunol. 1985;3:237–261. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.03.040185.001321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Sen R., Baltimore D. Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell. 1986 Dec 26;47(6):921–928. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shaw G., Kamen R. A conserved AU sequence from the 3' untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):659–667. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90341-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Shaw J. P., Utz P. J., Durand D. B., Toole J. J., Emmel E. A., Crabtree G. R. Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science. 1988 Jul 8;241(4862):202–205. doi: 10.1126/science.3260404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Shaw J., Meerovitch K., Bleackley R. C., Paetkau V. Mechanisms regulating the level of IL-2 mRNA in T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1988 Apr 1;140(7):2243–2248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Smith K. A. Interleukin 2. Annu Rev Immunol. 1984;2:319–333. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.02.040184.001535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Snapper C. M., Paul W. E. Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science. 1987 May 22;236(4804):944–947. doi: 10.1126/science.3107127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Swoboda R., Wecker E., Schimpl A. Regulation of IL 2 expression in mitogen-activated murine T lymphocytes. Immunobiology. 1987 May;174(3):300–312. doi: 10.1016/S0171-2985(87)80005-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Tony H. P., Parker D. C. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted, polyclonal B cell responses resulting from helper T cell recognition of antiimmunoglobulin presented by small B lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1985 Jan 1;161(1):223–241. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.1.223. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Valge V. E., Wong J. G., Datlof B. M., Sinskey A. J., Rao A. Protein kinase C is required for responses to T cell receptor ligands but not to interleukin-2 in T cells. Cell. 1988 Oct 7;55(1):101–112. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90013-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Weiss A., Shields R., Newton M., Manger B., Imboden J. Ligand-receptor interactions required for commitment to the activation of the interleukin 2 gene. J Immunol. 1987 Apr 1;138(7):2169–2176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES