Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1987 Aug;84(15):5429–5433. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.15.5429

3'-orf and sor genes of human immunodeficiency virus: in vitro transcription-translation and immunoreactive domains.

S K Arya
PMCID: PMC298871  PMID: 3496604

Abstract

An in vitro transcription and translation procedure was designed to translate multiple open reading frames from cloned DNAs. For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cloned DNA carrying three open reading frames (sor, tat, and 3'-orf), the approach yielded three authentic polypeptides. Clearly, the internal initiation codons can be used for reinitiation of translation of the downstream open reading frames. However, the downstream open reading frames were translated with relatively lower translational efficiencies. In general, the translational efficiency of RNAs depended significantly on their structures. The in vitro approach was utilized further to map the immunoreactive domains of the 3'-orf and sor gene products of HIV. Deletion clones were constructed with deletions within the open reading frames. Translation products of these clones reacted differentially with anti-3'-orf and anti-sor rabbit immune sera and human sera from individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related disorders. Apparently, recombinant 3'-orf and sor polypeptides used to immunize rabbits express many more immunogenic epitopes and/or different set of epitopes than is the case for the native proteins in humans infected with HIV. Immunoreactivity and immunogenicity of these gene products were significantly dependent on their structure and/or conformation.

Full text

PDF
5429

Images in this article

5430Image
on p.5430
5431Image
on p.5431
5431Image
on p.5431
5431Image
on p.5431
5431Image
on p.5431
5432Image
on p.5432
5432Image
on p.5432
5432Image
on p.5432

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allan J. S., Coligan J. E., Lee T. H., McLane M. F., Kanki P. J., Groopman J. E., Essex M. A new HTLV-III/LAV encoded antigen detected by antibodies from AIDS patients. Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):810–813. doi: 10.1126/science.2997921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Arya S. K., Gallo R. C. Three novel genes of human T-lymphotropic virus type III: immune reactivity of their products with sera from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr;83(7):2209–2213. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.7.2209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arya S. K., Guo C., Josephs S. F., Wong-Staal F. Trans-activator gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):69–73. doi: 10.1126/science.2990040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dayton A. I., Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Goh W. C., Haseltine W. A. The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is required for replication. Cell. 1986 Mar 28;44(6):941–947. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90017-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Dixon L. K., Hohn T. Initiation of translation of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome from a polycistronic mRNA: evidence from deletion mutagenesis. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 1;3(12):2731–2736. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02203.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Feinberg M. B., Jarrett R. F., Aldovini A., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA. Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):807–817. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90062-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fisher A. G., Feinberg M. B., Josephs S. F., Harper M. E., Marselle L. M., Reyes G., Gonda M. A., Aldovini A., Debouk C., Gallo R. C. The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication. 1986 Mar 27-Apr 2Nature. 320(6060):367–371. doi: 10.1038/320367a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fisher A. G., Ratner L., Mitsuya H., Marselle L. M., Harper M. E., Broder S., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. Infectious mutants of HTLV-III with changes in the 3' region and markedly reduced cytopathic effects. Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):655–659. doi: 10.1126/science.3014663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Franchini G., Robert-Guroff M., Wong-Staal F., Ghrayeb J., Kato I., Chang T. W., Chang N. T. Expression of the protein encoded by the 3' open reading frame of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in bacteria: demonstration of its immunoreactivity with human sera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5282–5285. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5282. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hughes S., Mellstrom K., Kosik E., Tamanoi F., Brugge J. Mutation of a termination codon affects src initiation. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Sep;4(9):1738–1746. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.9.1738. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kan N. C., Franchini G., Wong-Staal F., DuBois G. C., Robey W. G., Lautenberger J. A., Papas T. S. Identification of HTLV-III/LAV sor gene product and detection of antibodies in human sera. Science. 1986 Mar 28;231(4745):1553–1555. doi: 10.1126/science.3006245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Katz R. A., Cullen B. R., Malavarca R., Skalka A. M. Role of the avian retrovirus mRNA leader in expression: evidence for novel translational control. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;6(2):372–379. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.2.372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kozak M. Evaluation of the "scanning model" for initiation of protein synthesis in eucaryotes. Cell. 1980 Nov;22(1 Pt 1):7–8. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90148-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kozak M. Point mutations close to the AUG initiator codon affect the efficiency of translation of rat preproinsulin in vivo. Nature. 1984 Mar 15;308(5956):241–246. doi: 10.1038/308241a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kozak M. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):283–292. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90762-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lee T. H., Coligan J. E., Allan J. S., McLane M. F., Groopman J. E., Essex M. A new HTLV-III/LAV protein encoded by a gene found in cytopathic retroviruses. Science. 1986 Mar 28;231(4745):1546–1549. doi: 10.1126/science.3006243. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Liu C. C., Simonsen C. C., Levinson A. D. Initiation of translation at internal AUG codons in mammalian cells. Nature. 1984 May 3;309(5963):82–85. doi: 10.1038/309082a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Melton D. A. Injected anti-sense RNAs specifically block messenger RNA translation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(1):144–148. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.1.144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Melton D. A., Krieg P. A., Rebagliati M. R., Maniatis T., Zinn K., Green M. R. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035–7056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Pelletier J., Sonenberg N. Insertion mutagenesis to increase secondary structure within the 5' noncoding region of a eukaryotic mRNA reduces translational efficiency. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):515–526. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90200-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Dayton A., Terwilliger E., Haseltine W. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature. 1986 May 22;321(6068):412–417. doi: 10.1038/321412a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Tartar A., Portetelle D., Burny A., Haseltine W. Replicative and cytopathic potential of HTLV-III/LAV with sor gene deletions. Science. 1986 Mar 28;231(4745):1549–1553. doi: 10.1126/science.3006244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Sodroski J., Patarca R., Rosen C., Wong-Staal F., Haseltine W. Location of the trans-activating region on the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):74–77. doi: 10.1126/science.2990041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Spena A., Krause E., Dobberstein B. Translation efficiency of zein mRNA is reduced by hybrid formation between the 5'- and 3'-untranslated region. EMBO J. 1985 Sep;4(9):2153–2158. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03909.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES