Elevated excitatory neurotransmitter levels in the fibromyalgia brain

Abstract

Consistent brain imaging findings demonstrate that neurobiological factors may contribute to the pathology of 'central' pain states such as fibromyalgia (FM). Studies using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that glutamate (Glu), a key excitatory neurotransmitter, may be present in higher concentrations within the brains of FM patients. This neurotransmitter imbalance is present in multiple brain regions that have been implicated in processing pain information. However, it is unknown if elevated Glu is acting at the synapse. New investigations are needed to investigate the molecular action of Glu in FM and to investigate these findings during treatment that modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission.

The occurrence of central neurobiological factors in chronic pain states is becoming increasingly observed. For fibromyalgia (FM), this is certainly true as evidenced by the recent article by Fayed and colleagues in the previous issue of Arthritis Research and Therapy [1]. These authors used a brain imaging tool called proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS), which can assess the concentration of specific metabolites in the human brain, and looked for altered levels of brain neurotransmitters in individuals with FM. Of particular importance to the field of neurobiology, ¹H-MRS methods allow for the detection of the brain's major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate (Glu) and gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA), respectively. To date, this method has been used frequently in disorders of the brain, such as depression [2], Alzheimer's disease [3], and epilepsy [4]; recently, however, it is becoming increasingly evident that chronic 'central' pain states such as FM may also have altered brain neurotransmitter levels, as evidenced by new ¹H-MRS studies [5-7].

Fayed and colleagues performed a cross- sectional ¹H-MRS investigation of ten patients with FM and ten sex-and age-matched healthy controls, looking at four specific brain regions that are thought to be somewhat involved in pain processing: the sensorimotor cortex, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the posterior gyrus (posterior cingulate). The authors report elevated levels of Glx, a combined measure of Glu and glutamine, within the posterior cingulate of FM patients. Moreover, they observed negative correlations between Glx in the patient group and pressure pain thresholds, and positive associations with these metabolites and scores on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, suggesting that elevated levels of Glx in the posterior cingulate are associated with increased pain and tenderness in FM. The posterior cingulate region of the brain is also a key component of the default mode network (DMN), a constellation of brain regions activated during self-referential thinking. In FM patients, the DMN appears to have greater functional connections with the insula, a key pain processing region, and this enhanced connectivity is directly related to the spontaneous clinical pain in these patients [8]. In aggregate, these data point towards a potential molecular basis for some of the functional neuroimaging results observed in FM [9,10]: namely, an elevation in brain excitatory neurotransmitters that could result in neuronal hyperexcitability. This is not the first such study of ¹H-MRS in FM. Harris and colleagues [5] demonstrated elevated levels of Glu and Glx within the posterior insula of FM patients, and Valdés and colleagues [6] recently reported that Glx was elevated in the amygdala, an emotional and pain processing brain region. These findings, reported by three separate groups, are beginning to paint a picture of a more global increase in the concentration of the excitatory neurotransmitters in the FM brain. It is important to note that across these three studies, elevated levels of Glu and Glx were not observed in all regions studied. Fayed and colleagues found elevated Glx in the posterior cingulate but not the thalamus or the somatosensory cortex. Valdés and colleagues found elevated Glx in the amygdala but not the thalamus or prefrontal cortex, and Harris and colleagues found elevated Glx in the posterior but not the anterior insula. Therefore, although multiple brain regions may have elevated Glu in FM, this does not appear to be the case for every region examined.

As mentioned above, it is tempting to conclude that the reason why previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of FM have observed augmented neural activity is due to an elevation of Glu leading to neuronal hyperexcitability. At the present moment, however, we cannot conclude this for the following reasons: first, ¹H-MRS-derived levels of Glu are often contaminated in part by glutamine [11], thus precluding our ability to assign the elevated levels solely to Glu at this time; second, within brain tissue, Glu exists in the neurotransmitter pool as well as a metabolic pool [12] and we do not know if the neurotransmitter pool is where the elevation is occurring; and finally, the cellular compartment from where the elevated Glu signal is originating is unknown. The ¹H-MRS signal arises from gray and white matter and is an ensemble average of multiple different cell types, including astrocytes, glia, and neurons. Therefore, the elevated Glu signal might be at regions distant from the synapse.

Unfortunately, answering these questions will require novel preclinical research, as they cannot be directly assessed with the existing technologies in humans. That said, the work by Fayed and colleagues and others contributes significantly to the field. It places a key neurotransmitter to the forefront of our thinking behind the molecular processes involved in FM. It also opens the door for ¹H-MRS studies of other pain states that may also be mediated by central factors. Finally, these data also suggest that pharmacologic interventions that specifically target glutamatergic neurotransmission may be effective in these complex patients. Research in these questions is greatly needed.

Abbreviations

DMN: default mode network; FM: fibromyalgia; Glu: glutamate; Glx: combined measure of Glu and glutamine; ¹H-MRS: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Competing interests

REH has received funding for salary support and consulting from Pfizer Inc.

See related research by Fayed et al., http://arthritis-research.com/content/12/4/R134