Abstract
Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), or “rose root” is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Pharmacological studies have shown that R. rosea exhibits different biological activities – antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, etc. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of essential oils from rhizomes of three commercial samples of R. rosea originated from Bulgaria (sample 1), China (sample 2) and India (sample 3). The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thus, the main volatile component in the Bulgaria and Chinese R. rosea was geraniol, followed by myrthenol in sample 1 or octanol in sample 2. Phenethylalcohol was a principal constituent in the Indian oil. Myrtenol and octanol were in significant amounts too. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were characteristic of the latter sample. It is notable that cinnamyl alcohol, which was present in large concentration in Bulgarian sample, was not detected in the other two samples. The obtained results showed considerable differences in the composition of the studied three origins of R. rosea.
Keywords: Essential oil, geraniol, myrtenol, phenethylalcohol, Rhodiola rosea
INTRODUCTION
Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae), commonly known as “rose roots”, or “golden roots,” is a perennial herbaceous plant. It is widely spread in the mountain regions of Central and Northern Europe as well as Asia and North America. Rose roots have been used in traditional and modern medicine for the treatment of different diseases.[1] In recent years, root extracts are applied as ingredients of food additives and other commercial pharmaceutical preparations offered all over the world. A great deal of focus has been put on this species and its medical properties with regard to memory and learning, immune response, organ function, cancer therapy, etc.[2–6] Phytochemical investigation of rose roots has been directed mainly on salidroside, rosin, rosavin, and rosarin.[7,8] Other important constituents of R. rosea are flavonoids, tannins, gallic acid and its esters, and essential oils.[9] The most detailed results have been reported on essential oil of R. rosea from Norway,[10] Finland[11] and Mongolia.[9]
In the present study three origins of R. rosea are compared in terms of their essential oil composition.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant material
R. rosea commercial rhizomes imported to Bulgaria from India and China, as well as rhizomes from plants cultivated in Bulgaria, were used for this study.
Preparation of essential oil
Ground rhizomes of each sample were subjected to microdistillation/extraction in Likens-Nickerson apparatus, using diethyl ether as a solvent. The latter was removed and the yield was presented in % w/w.
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was carried out on an HP-5890 instrument fitted with HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm), 0.25 µm film thickness; carrier gas was nitrogen. The injector and detector temperature was 260°C, column temperature was programmed from 50 to 230°C at a rate of 4°C/min and for 10 min at 230°C. Automatic integration of FID peak areas gave the amount of the components in percentage.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on an HP 6890 instrument equipped with MS detector, which operated in EI mode. All the conditions were as described for GC analysis but the carrier gas was helium. The oil components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices with those published[12] or presented in Willey library.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dry roots of R. rosea (samples 1, 2, and 3) were found to contain 0.21, 0.10, and 0.25% (w/w %), respectively, of pail yellow oil. GC analysis resulted in identification of 25 [Table 1] individual compounds, at concentration more than 0.20% at least in one of the studied oils. The identified components represent more than 85% of the total oils. Phenethylalcohol (56.22%) was the most abundant in the Indian oil. Myrtenol (10.56%) and 1-octanol (5.30%) were present in significant amounts too. Aliphatic hydrocarbons like nonadecane, heneicosane, docosane tricosane, tetracosane, and pentacosane (14.57%), characteristic of this oil were in lower amount in the oils from Bulgaria and China. Geraniol was the principal volatile component of Chinese (56.97%) and Bulgarian (48.79%) R. rosea, followed by myrtenol (28.05%) in Bulgarian or 1-octanol (12.21%) in Chinese sample. It is notable that cinnamyl alcohol that was present in a large concentration in Bulgarian sample was not detected in the other two samples. Geraniol and phenethylalcohol were identified as main rose like odor compounds. They were the characteristic components of essential oil from Rosa species.
Table 1.
Chemical composition of R. rosea essential oils
| RI* | Components | Bulgaria (sample 1) | China (sample 2) | India (sample 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 978 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 0.80 | ||
| 992 | 6-Methyl-5- hepten-2-ol | 0.44 | ||
| 1001 | Octanal | 0.23 | ||
| 1070 | 1-Octanol | 0.33 | 12.21 | 5.30 |
| 1074 | cis-Linalool oxide | 2.16 | ||
| 1098 | Linalool | 0.74 | 2.95 | |
| 1110 | Phenethylal-cohol | 0.65 | 4.19 | 56.22 |
| 1146 | Isopulegol | 0.22 | ||
| 1189 | α-Terpineol | 0.34 | 0.80 | 0.64 |
| 1194 | Myrtenol | 28.05 | 0.85 | 10.56 |
| 1228 | Citronellol | 1.01 | 1.86 | |
| 1255 | Geraniol | 48.79 | 56.97 | 3.69 |
| 1270 | Geranial | 1.63 | ||
| 1283 | trans-Anethol | 0.97 | ||
| 1287 | p-Cymen-7-ol | 0.77 | ||
| 1295 | Perilla alcohol | 0.56 | ||
| 1300 | Cinnamyl alcohol (E) | 9.97 | ||
| 1340 | 4-Vinyl-2-OMe phenol | 0.64 | 0.98 | |
| 1383 | Geranyl acetate | 0.76 | ||
| 19.00 | Nonadecane | 0.16 | 2.51 | |
| 2100 | Heneicosane | 1.82 | 1.16 | 3.57 |
| 2200 | Docosane | 0.51 | ||
| 2300 | Tricosane | 0.40 | 5.84 | |
| 2400 | Tetracosane | 0.20 | 0.32 | |
| 2500 | Pentacosane | 1.82 | ||
| Total | 91.11 | 88.69 | 94.79 |
RI - relative to C8–C22 n-alkanes on HP-5 column
This investigation shows that the main essential oil components in R. rosea from commercial plant material cultivated in Bulgaria and from natural habitats are identical,[13] i.e., its chemical composition is genetically determined. Different chemical composition of oils prepared from commercial plant sources of Bulgarian, Indian and Chinese origin could be due to the fact that they were from different species of genus Rhodiola, or were different chemotypes of R. rosea. On the other hand, Rhichard et al. reported that “Very often products called “Rhodiola spp., Tibetan Rhodiola or Indian Rhodiola” may incorrectly imply equivalence with Rhodiola rosea extract.”[3] Thus, the commercial material from Rhodiola has to be explored botanically and phytochemically.
Acknowledgments
This study was performed with the financial support of the Ministry of Environment and Water and the National Science Fund (Project 1532).
Footnotes
Source of Support: Ministry of Environment and Water and the National Science Fund (Project 1532)
Conflict of Interest: None declared
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