Abstract
A total of 1,243 records for 585 dairy Friesian cows from 1997–2004 were used to study the factors affecting dystocia and its effects on reproductive performance and milk production. The overall incidence of dystocia was 6.9%. The percentage of dystocia decreased with increasing live body weight, age, and parity of cows (P < 0.05); however, it increased with increasing birth weight of calves (P < 0.05). The highest percentage of dystocia was detected in winter season, but the least percentage was in summer season (P < 0.05). The percentage of incidence of dystocia was significantly (P < 0.05) higher with winter feeding compared to summer ration (8.2% vs. 5.1%). The percentage of incidence of dystocia was significantly (P < 0.05) higher with twinning than single calving (15.5% vs. 6.5%), while not significantly affected by the sex of born calves. Incidence of dystocia had adverse effects on reproductive performance and milk yield. The service interval, service period, days open, and calving interval were significantly (P < 0.05) longer in cows afflicted with dystocia compared to normal cows. The conception rate was lower (P < 0.05), but the number of service per conception was higher (P < 0.05) in cows afflicted with dystocia compared to normal cows (60.5% vs. 73.0% and 3.4 vs. 2.7, respectively). Average daily milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) by 1 kg for cows with incidence of dystocia compared to normal cows.
Keywords: Friesian cows, Dystocia, Reproductive performance, Milk production
Introduction
The various factors affecting dystocia in cattle are grouped into four main categories: direct factors, phenotypic factors related to calf and cow, non-genetic and genetic factors. The first group includes malpresentations and uterine torsion. The second one includes: calf birth weight, multiple calvings, perinatal mortality, cow pelvic area, cow body weight, and body condition at calving, and gestation length. The non-genetic factors are: cow age and parity, year and season of calving, place of calving, maintenance practices, disorders, and calf sex and nutrition (Zaborski et al. 2009). In general, dystocia occurs when the size of the fetus is incompatible with the size of the pelvic opening of the cow, when the fetus is abnormally presented (breeched, head, or foot back), or when the cow does not experience normal parturition due to weakness, stress, or hormonal abnormalities. However, many other factors may also influence the incidence of dystocia, and these factors can be split into two categories: factors affecting the size and shape of the calf and factors affecting the ability of the dam to give birth (Roughsedge and Dwyer 2006). Non-genetic factors affecting the risk of dystocia include year, time of year at calving, dam parity (Meyer et al. 2001; Johanson and Berger 2003; Steinbock et al. 2003), herd (Steinbock et al. 2003), age at calving within parity (Ettema and Santos 2004), sex of calf (Johanson and Berger 2003; Ettema and Santos 2004), calf birth weight (Johanson and Berger 2003), gestation length (Meyer et al. 2001; Johanson and Berger 2003), and whether the calf was a singleton or twin (Ettema and Santos 2004). Factors affecting the incidence of dystocia were parity of dam, sex of calf, whether the calf was a singleton or twin, and a linear regression on the weight of the calf (Berry et al. 2007). Several studies have implicated dystocia as a contributing factor to reduced milk yield (Berry et al. 2007) and poorer fertility (Lopez de Maturana et al. 2007). The objective of this study was to investigate some factors affecting the incidence of dystocia and its effects on reproductive performance and milk yield in dairy Friesian cows.
Materials and methods
Experimental animals
A total of 1,243 records for 585 dairy Friesian cows from 1997–2004 were collected from Sakha Animal Production Research Station belonging to Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. All cows ranged between 350–650 kg live weight, 3–13 years of age, and 1–8 parities.
Feeding and management
Animals were housed in semi-opened sheds and fed traditional summer ration consisting of concentrate feed mixture, berseem hay, rice straw with or without corn silage and traditional winter ration consisting of concentrate feed mixture, fresh berseem, and rice straw. Cows were fed to cover the recommended requirements according to Animal Production Research Institute Recommendation (1997) in group feeding assigned according to live body weight, milk yield, and reproductive status. Cows were artificially inseminated using frozen semen within 14 h after onset of the first spontaneously occurring estrus.
Collected data
The collected data included live body weight and age of dams, parity, calving season, type of birth, sex of born calf, and type of feeding for the different years. Also, data were collected for the periods from parturition to first service, conception service, days open, gestation period, calving interval, number of services per conception, conception rate, total milk yield, and lactation period.
Ambient temperature
The average air temperature ranged from 20°C at day to 10°C at night during winter season and 35°C at day to 23°C at night during summer season.
Statistical analysis
The obtained data were statistically analyzed using factorial design procedure adapted by SPSS (2008) for user’s guide. Duncan test within program SPSS was done to determine the degree of significance among means.
Results and discussion
Of the 1,243 births studied, 86 were afflicted with dystocia (6.9%), which was nearly similar to the figure in cows being 7% as presented by Berry et al. (2007), but was higher than the reported dystocia rates in dairy cattle internationally being <5% (Mee 2008).
Some factors affecting the incidence of dystocia
Live body weight of cows
The percentage of dystocia decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing live body weight of cows, which ranged from 5.3% for cows that weighed 600–650 kg to 8.3% for cows that weighed 350–400 kg (Table 1). These results are in accordance with those obtained by Anderson (1992) who found high negative correlation between dam weight and the incidence of dystocia.
Table 1.
Effect of body weight, age and parity of Friesian cows on the percentage of dystocia
| Item | No. of records | No. of dystocia | Dystocia rate % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cow weight | |||
| 350–400 kg | 48 | 4 | 8.3 a |
| 400–450 kg | 150 | 12 | 8.0 a, b |
| 450–500 kg | 426 | 31 | 7.3 a, b |
| 500–550 kg | 394 | 26 | 6.6 a, b |
| 550–600 kg | 150 | 9 | 6.0 a, b |
| 600–650 kg | 75 | 4 | 5.3 b |
| Cow age | |||
| 3–5 year | 706 | 52 | 7.4 a |
| 5–7 year | 302 | 21 | 7.0 a, b |
| 7–9 year | 177 | 10 | 5.7 a, b |
| 9–11 year | 36 | 2 | 5.6 a, b |
| 11–13 year | 22 | 1 | 4.6 b |
| Parity | |||
| 1 | 402 | 31 | 7.7 a |
| 2 | 304 | 22 | 7.2 a, b |
| 3 | 194 | 13 | 6.7 a, b |
| 4 | 108 | 7 | 6.5 a, b |
| 5 | 88 | 5 | 5.7 a, b |
| 6 | 89 | 5 | 5.6 a, b |
| 7 | 36 | 2 | 5.6 a, b |
| 8 | 22 | 1 | 4.6 b |
| Overall mean | 1,243 | 86 | 6.9 |
Means in the same column with different lowercase letters differ significantly (P < 0.05)
Age of dam
The percentage of incidence of dystocia in Friesian cows decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with age progression, which decreased from 7.4% at 3–5 years of age to 4.6% at 11–13 years as shown in Table 1. These results agreed with those obtained by Roughsedge and Dwyer (2006) who found that first-calf heifers account for the majority of calving difficulties and associated calf losses. High rates of dystocia among first-calf heifers and young cows are mostly due to their smaller size at first parturition than at subsequent calvings.
Number of parity
Results in Table 1 revealed that the effect of parity on the percentage of dystocia in Friesian cows showed similar trend to age of cows, which decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 7.7–4.6% with advancing parity from 1st to 8th parity. These results are in accordance with those obtained by Eriksson et al. (2004) who found that the frequencies of difficult calvings and stillbirths were approximately 6% at first parity and 1–2% at later parities for Charolais and Hereford cattle.
Type of birth
Results in Table 2 indicated that the percentage of incidence of dystocia in Friesian cows was significantly (P < 0.05) higher with twinning than single calving (15.5% vs. 6.5%, respectively). These results agreed with those obtained by Kirkpatrick (2002) who indicated that the inconsistency could be a reflection of two competing dynamics which increases the incidence of dystocia attributable to malpresentation. Echternkamp et al. (2007) found increased incidence of dystocia for twin or triplet births compared with single births.
Table 2.
Effect of type of birth, sex, and birth weight of calves on the percentage of dystocia in Friesian cows
| Item | No. of records | No. of dystocia | Dystocia rate % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of birth | |||
| Single | 1,185 | 77 | 6.5 b |
| Twining | 58 | 9 | 15.5 a |
| Calf sex | |||
| Male | 623 | 46 | 7.4 |
| Female | 620 | 40 | 6.5 |
| Calf birth weight | |||
| >20 kg | 44 | 2 | 4.6 b |
| 21–25 kg | 157 | 9 | 5.7 a, b |
| 26–30 kg | 312 | 19 | 6.1 a, b |
| 31–35 kg | 363 | 26 | 7.2 a, b |
| 36–40 kg | 308 | 25 | 8.1 a, b |
| <40 kg | 59 | 5 | 8.5 a |
| Overall mean | 1,243 | 86 | 6.9 |
Means in the same column with different lowercase letters differ significantly (P < 0.05)
Calf sex
The percentages of incidence of dystocia in Friesian cows tended to be higher with born male than female calves (7.8% vs. 6.5%) as shown in Table 2. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Johanson and Berger (2003) and Ettema and Santos (2004) who found that calf sex affected the incidence of dystocia, and it was higher in males than in females.
Calf birth weight
The percentage of incidence of dystocia increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing birth weight of born calves (Table 2). Calf birth weight is the trait most highly correlated with incidence of dystocia (Anderson 1992).
Year of calving
The percentage of incidence of dystocia was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among the different years of study and ranged from 6.2–7.4%, with an average of 6.9%, as shown in Table 3. These values are higher than the reported dystocia rates in dairy cattle internationally, which are generally <5% (Mee 2008). Year of calving affected the incidence of dystocia (Zaborski et al. 2009).
Table 3.
Effect of calving year and season and feeding system on the percentage of dystocia in Friesian cows
| Item | No. of records | No. of dystocia | Dystocia rate % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calving year | |||
| 1997 | 148 | 10 | 6.8 |
| 1998 | 95 | 7 | 7.4 |
| 1999 | 92 | 6 | 6.5 |
| 2000 | 203 | 15 | 7.4 |
| 2001 | 169 | 12 | 7.1 |
| 2002 | 227 | 14 | 6.2 |
| 2003 | 175 | 13 | 7.4 |
| 2004 | 134 | 9 | 6.7 |
| Calving season | |||
| Winter | 425 | 36 | 8.5 a |
| Spring | 311 | 24 | 7.7 a, b |
| Summer | 249 | 12 | 4.8 b |
| Autumn | 258 | 14 | 5.4 a, b |
| Feeding system | |||
| Winter ration | 736 | 60 | 8.2 a |
| Summer ration | 507 | 26 | 5.1 b |
| Overall mean | 1,243 | 86 | 6.9 |
Means in the same column with different lowercase letters differ significantly (P < 0.05)
Calving season
The highest percentage (P < 0.05) of incidence of dystocia was detected in winter season (8.5%), while the least percentage (P < 0.05) was noticed in summer season (4.8%) as shown in Table 3. These results agreed with those obtained by season of calving internationally, which are generally <5% (Mee 2008). Colburn et al. (1997) suggested that greater calf birth weight and calving difficulty may be expected in winter following severe spring temperatures.
Feeding system
Results in Table 3 revealed that the percentage of incidence of dystocia in Friesian cows was significantly (P < 0.05) higher with feeding winter ration compared with summer ration (8.2% vs. 5.1%). These results are in accordance with those obtained by Zaborski et al. (2009) who found that nutrition had an effect on dystocia. Manipulating feeding level during pregnancy offers an alternative method for manipulating the birth weight of calves. Little is known about the effects of nutrition in early gestation on placental development or birth weight of calves (Hickson et al. 2006).
Effect of dystocia on reproductive performance of Friesian cows
Reproductive intervals
The incidence of dystocia had an adverse effect on the reproductive performance of dairy Friesian cows as shown in Table 4. The first estrus, first service, service period, days open and calving interval were significantly longer (P < 0.05) in cows that exhibited dystocia compared to normal cows (58.1, 92.5, 150.5, and 428.5 vs. 49.2, 74.0, 123.2 and 400.6 day, respectively). However, gestation period was nearly similar for normal and cows that exhibited dystocia. These results indicated that dystocia led to increasing the service interval, service period, days open and calving interval by 8.9, 18.5, 27.3, and 28.0 day, respectively. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Lopez de Maturana et al. (2007) who reported that the effect of dystocia was statistically significant, implying a delay in the pregnancy periods of the cow.
Table 4.
Effect of dystocia on reproductive performance and milk production of Friesian cows
| Item | Normal | Dystocia | SEM |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cows | 1,157 | 86 | |
| Reproductive intervals (day) | |||
| • First estrus | 22 b | 26 a | 0.2 |
| • First service | 49 b | 58 a | 0.5 |
| • Service period | 74 b | 92 a | 2.6 |
| • Days open (day) | 123 b | 151 a | 2.8 |
| • Gestation period | 277 | 278 | 0.2 |
| • Calving interval | 401 b | 429 a | 2.8 |
| Conception rate % | 73.0 a | 60.5 b | 1.3 |
| No. of service per conception | 2.7 b | 3.4 a | 0.1 |
| Milk production (kg/day) | 12.8 a | 11.8 b | 0.1 |
Means in the same column with different lowercase letters differ significantly (P < 0.05)
Conception rate
The incidence of dystocia resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in conception rate, where the conception rate at 90, 120, and 150 days, and the entire lactation for cows that exhibited dystocia reduced by 10.7%, 11.5%, 12.02%, and 12.5% compared with normal cows, respectively. These results are in accordance with those obtained by Lopez de Maturana et al. (2007) who showed that dystocia resulted in impaired fertility because it decreased the incidence of success at first insemination by 12%.
Number of service per conception
The number of service per conception for cows exhibited that dystocia was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to normal cows (3.4 vs. 2.7). These results might be due to the lower conception rate as well as the longer service period for cows that exhibited dystocia. These results agreed with those obtained by Lopez de Maturana et al. (2007) who found that the effect of dystocia was statistically significant. This fact indicates that 0.5 more inseminations are needed to impregnate the cow in the next reproductive cycle after a difficult calving.
Effect of dystocia on milk production
Data in Table 4 showed that lactation period was significantly longer (P < 0.05), while average daily milk yield was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for cows with incidence of dystocia compared to normal cows. However, total milk yield tended to lower for cows with incidence of dystocia compared to normal cows. These might be due to the longer days for cows with incidence of dystocia. These results are in accordance with those obtained by Berry et al. (2007) who found that milk yield was less in cows that experienced dystocia at calving compared with those that did not.
Conclusion
Causes of dystocia are complex because many factors are interrelated, and methods to reduce dystocia are complicated. Dystocia adversely affects reproductive performance and milk yield of Friesian cows.
Acknowledgments
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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