Abstract
Objective
Jigrine is a herbal hepatoprotective formulation containing aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants. Present study was designed to evaluate per se neuropharmacological effects of jigrine in mice.
Materials and Methods
Jigrine was evaluated in a number of pharmacological test paradigms, viz. open field arena, actophotometer, hole board, rotarod, traction test, grip strength test, spontaneous alternation behavior, passive avoidance task, and phenobarbital sleeping time.
Results and Conclusions
Jigrine pretreatment (1 and 2 ml/kg, p.o.) did not produce any significant effect as compared to normal saline treated animals and was found to be free from any acute undesirable central effects at these two dose levels.
Keywords: Hepatoprotective, jigrine, neuropharmacological, safety, unani
Herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of various diseases. Although herbal drugs often contain highly active pharmacological compounds but much importance is not given to their safety evaluation, may be due to a popular notion “anything herbal is safe.” Lately, with recent increasing interest in traditional or herbal drugs for the prevention and treatment of various disorders, there is also increasing concern about the safety of traditional, herbal product based medicines.[1]
Jigrine is a polypharmaceutical herbal formulation containing aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants used for liver ailments in traditional Indian system of medicine (Unani) [Table 1]. Few studies are reported for its formulation,[2] mechanism of hepatoprotective action,[3–6] and anti-inflammatory activity.[7] Present study was designed to evaluate per se neuropharmacological effects of jigrine in mice.
Table 1.
Medicinal plant ingredients of Jigrine (a phytopharmaceutical formulation)
| Botanical name | Common name part used | Unani name | Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cichorium intybus Linn | Chicory leave Kasni | Tukhme | Compositeae |
| Tamarix dioica Roxb | Tamarisk leave | Jhau | Tamaricaceae |
| Solanum nigrum Linn | Black nightshade fruit | Makoh | Solanaceae |
| Rheum emodi wall | Indian rhubarb Rhizo Chini me | Revand | Polygonaceae |
| Rubia cordifolia Linn | Indian madder root | Majeeth | Rubiaceae |
| Vitex negundo Linn | Nisinda whole shrub | Sambhalu | Verbenaceae |
| Cassia occidentalis Linn | Coffee senna | Kasaundi | Caesalpiniaceae leave |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill | Fennel fruit | Sonf | Umbellifereae |
| Cuscuta reflexa Roxb | Amarvella | Tukhme | Convolvulaceae seed Kasoos |
| Careya arborea Roxb | Wild guava | Baokhamba | Barringtoniaceae fruit |
| Phyllanthus niruri Linn | Jaramla leave | Bhui amla | Euphorbiaceae |
| Plantago major Linn | Isphagol leave | Bartang | Plantaginaceae |
| Rosa damascena Linn | Damask rose flower | Gul-e-surkh | Rosaceae |
| Solanum xanthocarpum | Yellow berries schrad & wendl. | Katheli | Solanaceae |
Materials and Methods
Animals
Albino mice weighing 20–30 g were used for the study. Animals were supplied by Central Animal House Facility of Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) and kept under standard laboratory conditions in 12 h light/dark cycle at 25±2°C. Animals were provided with pellet diet (Lipton, India) and water ad libitum. All the procedures carried out on animals were approved by institutional animal ethics committee (JHAEC).
Experimental protocol
For each of the following tests, mice were divided into three groups of six animals each. Group I served as normal control and received normal saline (1 ml/kg, p.o.). Groups II and III received jigrine 1 and 2 ml/kg, p.o., respectively.
Actophotometer activity
Mice were observed for their spontaneous motor activity by placing them individually in the actophotometer and number of beam breaks was recorded for 6 min. This apparatus consisted of a square chamber and the activity of the animals was recorded by light beams passing through the chamber and connected to photoelectric cells. The activity was recorded at 0 time and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after their respective treatments.[8] The actophotometer was cleaned with cotton swab dipped in 70% alcohol in between the observations.
Open field activity
Mice were observed for open field activity as per the method of Tricklebank et al.[9] for 6 min 1 h after their respective treatments. Mice were placed singly into the open field arena and the following behavioral parameters were scored: ambulation (number of areas entered with all four paws); frequency of rearing, and frequency of grooming. Fecal pellets were removed after every occupation and floor wiped with clean damp tissues after every occupation. The open field consisted of a circular arena 85 cm in diameter, divided into 25 segments of approximately equal area by black painted lines on the white floor. The arena was bound by a wall 30 cm high.
Hole board activity
Mice were observed on the wooden hole board at 0 time (before treatment) and 60 and 120 min after their respective treatments.
The wooden hole board apparatus consisted of 60 ×30 cm dimensions with 16 evenly placed holes and painted gray. The number of times the mice dipped their heads in holes during a 3-min trial was counted.[10]
Rotarod activity
Mice were trained to stay on the rotating rod of the rotarod (20 rpm) for 3 min. Trained mice were randomly divided into three groups as described above. All the animals were placed on the rotating rod (three animals at a time, one in each of the three compartments) 60 and 120 min after their respective treatments and the length of time they remained on the rotating rod was recorded.[11]
Traction test
This test was carried out as per the procedure reported by Anca et al.[11] Animals were suspended by their hind legs from a taut metal wire and the time taken to bring their front paws up to the wire was recorded. Animals were considered to have passed or failed the test according to whether this did or did not occur within 5 sec. Failure was considered to be synonymous with muscle relaxation.[11,12]
Grip strength test
Grip strength of animals in all the 3 groups was measured as an indicator of neuromuscular function after 1hour of their respective treatments. The grip strength meter was positioned horizontally. Mice were held by the tail and lowered toward the apparatus. Mice were allowed to grasp smooth metal wire mesh (fore limbs only) and were then pulled backward in the horizontal plane. The force applied to the bar at the moment the grasp was released was recorded as the peak tension (kg). The test was repeated five times within the same session and the highest value from the five trials was recorded as grip strength for that animal.[13]
Spontaneous alternation behavior
Spontaneous alternation behavior in mice was assessed by using a cross-maze. The maze was made up of plywood (painted gray) and consisted of symmetrical arms (23.5 cm long and 8 cm wide) with 10 cm high sidewalls. The arms extended from a central platform (8 × 8 cm) at a height of 50 cm above the floor and were labeled A, B, C, D. Mice were allowed to traverse the maze freely for 6 min after being placed on the central platform. The number and sequence of arm entries were recorded for calculation of a “percent alternation score.” An alternation was defined as entry into four consecutive arms on overlapping quintuple sets. Five consecutive arm choices within the set of arm choices made up quintuple sets. A quintuple set consisting of arm choices, ABDAC, was considered an alternation. A quintuple set consisting of arm choices, ABDAB, was not considered an alternation. Using this procedure, possible alternation sequences are equal to the number of arm entries minus 4. The percent alternation score is equal to the ratio of (actual alternation/possible alternation) × 100.[14]
Passive avoidance task
The method of Papazova et al.[15] was used with slight modifications. An inverted petridish was placed in the center of a continuous avoidance apparatus to serve as shock free zone (SFZ). Mice were placed in the SFZ and on stepping down the SFZ were given an electric shock of 20 mV through the grid floor. Animals were trained to remain on the SFZ for at least 60 sec. Mice that did not get trained in upto five trials were rejected. Observations were made for retention of learning (memory) for 10 min 24 h after the initial trials. One hour prior to retention observations, animals were given their respective treatment in three groups. The following retention parameters were recorded: step down latency (SDL) in seconds, step down errors (SDE) as the number of times the animals stepped down from SFZ, and the total time spent in shock zone (TSZ) in seconds.[16]
Pentobarbital sleeping time
One hour after their respective treatments, all the animals received pentobarbitobne (40 mg/kg, i.p.). Time interval between administration of pentobarbital until the loss of righting reflex was recorded as the onset of sleep while the time from the loss of righting reflex to recovery was recorded as the sleeping time.[17]
Statistical analysis
Results are expressed as mean±SEM. Total variation present in a set of data was estimated by ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. P< 0.05 was considered significant.
Results and Discussion
Jigrine was evaluated for its per se effects on locomotor activity, open field activity, hole board activity, rotarod performance, muscle relaxation, muscle grip strength, spontaneous alternation behavior, and sodium pentobarbital induced sleeping time in mice to assess its neuropharmacological safety profile. Locomotor[8] and open field[9] activities are done to evaluate the effect on motor activity of the animals. Hole board[10] activity is done to see the effect on anxiety of the animals. Rotarod,[11] muscle relaxation,[12] and grip strength[13] activities are done to check the muscular strength. Spontaneous alternation behavior[14] and passive avoidance[15] studies are done to find out the effect on learning and memory. Sodium pentobarbital[17] induced sleeping time study is done to check the central depressant effects of the substance evaluated. Jigrine pretreatment at the dose levels of 1 and 2 ml/kg, p.o. (groups II and III) in mice did not produce any significant change [Tables 2–10] in any of the above test paradigms as compared to normal saline treated animals (Group I). On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that jigrine has no undesirable central effects per se in mice for short-term treatment at these two doses.
Table 2.
Per se effect of jigrine in two dose levels on locomotor activity of mice
| Group | No. of beam breaks |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | ||
| I | 566.16±52.78 | 330.5±45.822 | 232.33±61.01 | 291.16±44.73 | 270.83±48.05 | |
| II | 528.5±40.48 ns | 379.0±37.04 ns | 274.0±38.28 ns | 239.0±41.05ns | 262.33±28.97ns | |
| III | 611.66±66.59ns | 454.056.04 ns | 458.0±57.25* | 392.66±70.62 ns | 316.0±63.61ns | |
| F ratio | 0.582 | 1.761 | 5.110 | 2.100 | 0.346 | |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I (control) at each time interval by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test
(P* < 0.05, ns=nonsignificant)
Table 10.
Per se effect of jigrine on sodium pentobarbital induced sleeping time
| Group | Onset of sleep (min) | Duration of sleep (min) |
|---|---|---|
| I | 2.43±0.17 | 56.91±4.24 |
| II | 2.99±0.42ns | 50.67±1.70ns |
| III | 2.74±0.12ns | 53.94±2.54ns |
| F ratio | 1.074 | 1.067 |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I (control) by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. ns=nonsignificant
Table 3.
Per se effect of jigrine on open field activity in mice
| Group | Ambulation | Grooming | Rearing |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | 136.0±20.85 | 5.33±2.94 | 33.66±12.19 |
| II | 129.5±18.20ns | 4.16±1.72ns | 30.012.74ns |
| III | 143.83±9.78ns | 4.83±2.31ns | 36.337.14ns |
| F ratio | 0.174 | 0.362 | 0.502 |
Values indicate numbers of ambulation, grooming, and rearing. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. ns=nonsignificant
Table 4.
Per se effect of jigrine on exploratory behavior of mice in hole-board test
| Group | No. of nose pokes |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 min | 60 min | 120 min | |
| I | 19.5±1.31 n | 15.33±2.27 | 10.0±1.29 |
| II | 14.16±1.35 ns | 14.66±3.97 ns | 7.0±1.75 ns |
| III | 17.83±1.47ns | 12.16±2.61 ns | 7.66±1.90 ns |
| F ratio | 1.576 | 0.3009 | 0.888 |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I (control) at each time interval by oneway ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. ns=nonsignificant
Table 5.
Per se effect of jigrine on rotarod performance in mice
| Group | Endurance time (sec) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cut off time (sec) | 60 min | 120 min | |
| I | 180 | 180.0±0.0 | 178.16±1.83 |
| II | 180 | 178.0±1.33ns | 177.66±1.96 ns |
| III | 180 | 176.83±3.16 ns | 180.0±0.0 ns |
| F ratio | 0.642 | 0.628 | |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I (control) at each time interval by oneway ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. ns=nonsignificant
Table 6.
Per se effect of jigrine on muscle relaxation (traction test)
| Group | Positive number |
|
|---|---|---|
| 60 min | 120 min | |
| I | 6.0±0 | 6.0±0 |
| II | 6.0±0 | 6.0±0 |
| III | 6.0±0 | 6.0±0 |
Each value represents the mean±SEM number of animals passing the traction test. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6
Table 7.
Per se effect of jigrine on muscle grip strength in mice
| Group | Grip strength (kg) |
|---|---|
| I | 0.145±0.008 |
| II | 0.157±0.013ns |
| III | 0.158±0.017ns |
| F ratio | 1.674 |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. ns=nonsignificant
Table 8.
Per se effect of jigrine on spontaneous alternation behavior in mice
| Group | % Alternation score | No. of arm entries |
|---|---|---|
| I | 59.44±4.81 | 24.5±6.50 |
| II | 73.64±4.67ns | 26.5±4.69ns |
| III | 86.23±4.17* | 28.66±6.77ns |
| F ratio | 8.629 | 0.692 |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. P<0.05, ns=nonsignificant
Table 9.
Per se effect of jigrine on memory retention performance in passive avoidance task in mice
| Group | SDL (sec) | SDE (number) | TSZ (sec) |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | 14.33±3.31 | 2.0±0.85 | 17.33±4.08 |
| II | 18.16±4.09 ns | 1.66±0.76 ns | 19.5±7.42 ns |
| III | 15.00±2.79 ns | 1.83±0.40 ns | 14.667.27 ns |
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n=6. Significance of difference was evaluated with respect to group I by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test. ns=nonsignificant
Footnotes
Source of Support: Nil
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
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