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. 2005 Dec 21;1:Doc12.

Influence of tumor necrosis factor α in rheumatoid arthritis

Wertigkeit von Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha-Antagonisten in der Behandlung der rheumatoiden Arthritis

Werner Kulp 1,*, Michael Corzillus, Wolfgang Greiner 2, Ludger Pientka 3, Uwe Siebert 4, Johann-Matthias von der Schulenburg 1, Jürgen Wasem 5
PMCID: PMC3011313  PMID: 21289933

Abstract

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most prevalent inflammatory rheumatic disorder. It is a chronic and incurable disease that leads to painful inflammation, often irreversible joint damage, and eventually to functional loss.

Conventional treatment is based on unspecific immunosuppressive agents, e.g. Methotrexate, Azathioprin or Gold. However, the longterm outcomes of these approaches have been poor with frequently ongoing inflammatory disease activity, functional decline, and temporary or permanent work disability. More recently, antagonists of the human cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) have been introduced that are potent suppressors of inflammatory processes. Infliximab is a chimeric antibody against TNF-α. Etanercept is a soluble human TNF-α receptor.

The report assesses the efficacy of TNF-α-antagonists to down-regulate inflammation, improve functional status and prevent joint damage in RA with particular regard to the following indications: Treatment of severe, refractory and ongoing disease activity despite adequate use of conventional antirheumatic agents; and treatment of early RA before conventional treatment failure has been demonstrated.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature is been performed using established electronic databases. The literature search is supplemented by a hand search of journals and publications relevant to RA, reviews of websites of national and international rheumatologic expert societies, as well as contacts to manufacturers. A priori defined inclusion and exclusion criteria are used for literature selection. Analysis and evaluation of included publications are based on standardised criteria sets and checklists of the German Scientific Working Group for Technology Assessment in Health Care.

Results

Health Technology Assessment reports and metaanalyses cannot be identified. A total of 12 clinical trials are analysed, as well as national and international expert recommendations and practice guidelines. Numerous non-systematic reviews are found and analysed for additional sources of information that is not identified through the systematic search. Case reports and safety assessements are considered as well. A total of 137 publications is included.

The primary outcome measures in clinical trials are suppression of inflammatory disease activity and slowing of structural joint damage. Clinical response is usually measured by standardised response criteria that allow a semi-quantitative classification of improvement from baseline by 20%, 50%, or 70%.

In patients with RA refractory to conventional treatment, TNF-α-antagonists are unequivocally superior to Methotrexate with regard to disease activity, functional status and prevention of structural damage. In patients with early RA, TNF-α-antagonists show a more rapid onset of anti-inflammatory effects than Methotrexate. However, differences in clinical response rates and radiologic progression disappear after a few months of treatment and are no longer statistically significant. Serious adverse events are rare in clinical trials and do not occur significantly more often than in the control groups. However, case reports and surveillance registries show an increased risk for serious infectious complications, particularly tuberculosis. Expert panels recommend the use of TNF-α-antagonists in patients with active refractory RA after failure of conventional treatment. Studies that compare Infliximab and Etanercept are lacking.

There are no pharmacoeconomic studies although decision analytic models of TNF-α-antagonists for the treatment of RA exist. Based on the results of the models, a combination therapy with Hydroxychloroquin (HCQ), Sulfaslazin (SASP) and Methotrexate as well as Etanercept/Methotrexate can be considered a cost-effective treatment for Methotrexate-resistant RA.

Conclusions

TNF-α-antagonists are clearly effective in RA patients with no or incomplete response to Methotrexate and superior to continuous use of Methotrexate. It refers to both, reduction of inflammatory disease activity including pain relief and improved functional status, and prevention of structural joint damage. Therefore, TNF-α-antagonism is an important new approach in the treatment of RA. There is still insufficient evidence that early use of TNF-α-antagonists in RA prior to standard agents is beneficial and further studies have to be awaited.

An analytic model suggests that TNF-α-antagonists are, due to their clinical effectiveness in patients with no or incomplete response to Methotrexate, a cost-effective alternative to common therapies chosen in the subpopulations of patients. Nevertheless, it has to be borne in mind that the acquisition costs of TNF-α-antagonists lead to high incremental costs and C/E ratios, which exceed the common frame of assessing the cost-effectiveness of medical methods and technologies. Hence, society's willingness-to-pay is the critical determinant in the question whether TNF-α-antagonists shall be reimbursed or not, or to define criteria for reimbursement. Changes in the quality of life attributable to the use of TNF-α-antagonists in RA have not yet been assessed which might assist the decision making.

With respect of the questions mentioned above and the potential financial effect of a systematic use of TNF-α-antagonists in the treatment of RA, we come to the conclusion that TNF-α-antagonists should not introduced as a standard benefit reimbursed by the statutory health insurers in Germany.

Keywords: health economics, tumor necrosis factor, TNF-alpha, treatment, rheumatoid arthritis, cost-effectiveness

Executive Summary

1. Objective

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease with underlying pathologic mechanisms which are not fully understood and where no cure exists to date. The main symptoms of RA are painful inflammations in joints leading to irreversible destructions associated with a loss in functionality.

Conventional drug therapies use unspecific immunsupressive agents such as methotrexate, azathioprim or gold preparations which lead to unsatisfactory long term results. Biologicals such as etanercept and infliximab promise to interfere more substantially with pathologic mechanisms in antagonising TNF-α, a cytokine which plays a central role in the RA causing inflammation process.

The HTA report examines the effectiveness of etanercept and infliximab in decreasing inflammation activity in order to sustain functionality and prevent irreversible destructions of joints. The focus of the report is on two indications: severe forms of RA, where conventional therapies failed, and early stages of RA without prior testing of conventional therapies for response.

From the social as well as from the individual perspective RA is a substantial financial burden. Especially the high rates of indirect and intangible costs of RA are of major concern when assessing the health economic consequences of RA. A major proportion of the direct costs is caused by secondary care whereas the costs for medication account only for 15% of the total costs. To date biologicals play an inferior role in treating RA in Germany. From the health economic perspective the cost-effectiveness of biologicals is examined and the circumstances are to be assessed under which biologicals can be considered cost-effective. Hence, further health economic research needs are assessed.

2. Methods

The portion of the population of concern in the report are adult patients. In order to assess available evidence a systematic search in scientific databases and in relevant journals has been conducted. This assessment was complemented by a handsearch in relevant journals and on the manufactures` internet pages. The available information was assessed by using established evidence-medicine based criteria and the checklists prepared by the German Scientific Working Group for Technology Assessment in Health Care.

The health economic consequences of the treatment of RA with TNF-α-antagonists were assessed in a systematic search in health economic databases (DARE, EMBASE, NEED, and MEDLINE) and an extensive handsearch in health economic journals. International HTA-institutions were contacted in order to identify relevant information. Publications had be written in German, English and French.

3. Results

Neither HTA reports nor meta-studies could be identified. Twelve clinical studies were found and analysed. National and international guidelines, expert options, non-systematic reviews, case reports and publications concerning the safety of TNF-α-antagonists where included in the assessment of the clinical effectiveness. 137 publications were identified.

The primary clinical goal of assessing TNF-α-antagonists in the treatment of RA was the suppression of the clinical activity and a delay of the destruction of RA-affected joints. Clinical response was assessed using standardized response criteria on the basis of semi-quantative instruments using 20%, 50% or 70% improvement levels.

In patients with refractive RA TNF-α-antagonists are significantly more effective than methotrexate in the reduction of symptoms, in stabilising functionality and quality of life as well as structural destruction of the joints. The faster onset of clinical response using TNF-α-antagonists compared with methotrexate can be observed. Nevertheless the clinical response and the inhibition of progression radiologic lesions equal within several months. Severe complications of TNF-α-antagonists are rare and their rate does not differ significantly between groups. Case studies describe the risk of severe infections, especially tuberculosis. Therapeutic guidelines and expert options suggest TNF-α-antagonists in the treatment of patients with refractive RA after insufficient response to standard therapy. No head-to-head-studies between infliximab and etanercept exist to date.

Apart from analytic decision models health economic studies assess the cost-effectiveness of which TNF-α-antagonists are lacking. Based on decision models it can be concluded that a combination therapy of hydroxychloroquin (HCQ), sulfasalazin (SASP) and methotrexate as well as a combination of etanercept and methotrexate can be considered cost-effective in principal.

4. Conclusion

TNF-α-antagonists are effective in patients with insufficient response to a standard therapy with methotrexte. In those patients TNF-α-antagonists are significantly more effective compared to the standard therapy. This applies to lowering the inflammation activity as well as to pain relief, improvement of functionality and slowing down joint destruction.


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