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. 2010 Dec 16;39(Database issue):D1–D6. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq1243

The 2011 Nucleic Acids Research Database Issue and the online Molecular Biology Database Collection

Michael Y Galperin 1,*, Guy R Cochrane 2
PMCID: PMC3013748  PMID: 21177655

Abstract

The current 18th Database Issue of Nucleic Acids Research features descriptions of 96 new and 83 updated online databases covering various areas of molecular biology. It includes two editorials, one that discusses COMBREX, a new exciting project aimed at figuring out the functions of the ‘conserved hypothetical’ proteins, and one concerning BioDBcore, a proposed description of the ‘minimal information about a biological database’. Papers from the members of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database collaboration (INSDC) describe each of the participating databases, DDBJ, ENA and GenBank, principles of data exchange within the collaboration, and the recently established Sequence Read Archive. A testament to the longevity of databases, this issue includes updates on the RNA modification database, Definition of Secondary Structure of Proteins (DSSP) and Homology-derived Secondary Structure of Proteins (HSSP) databases, which have not been featured here in >12 years. There is also a block of papers describing recent progress in protein structure databases, such as Protein DataBank (PDB), PDB in Europe (PDBe), CATH, SUPERFAMILY and others, as well as databases on protein structure modeling, protein–protein interactions and the organization of inter-protein contact sites. Other highlights include updates of the popular gene expression databases, GEO and ArrayExpress, several cancer gene databases and a detailed description of the UK PubMed Central project. The Nucleic Acids Research online Database Collection, available at: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/a/, now lists 1330 carefully selected molecular biology databases. The full content of the Database Issue is freely available online at the Nucleic Acids Research web site (http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/).

COMMENTARY

This current, 18th annual Database Issue of Nucleic Acids Research (NAR) features descriptions of 96 new (Table 1) online databases covering a variety of molecular biology data and 83 data resources that have previously been published in NAR or other journals. The accompanying NAR online Molecular Biology Database Collection (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/a/) now includes 1330 data sources.

Table 1.

New molecular biology databases featured in the 2011 NAR Database Issue

Database name URL Brief description
Allele Frequency Net http://www.allelefrequencies.net Immunogenetic gene frequencies in worldwide populations
AmoebaDB http://amoebadb.org/amoeba/ Functional genomics resource for Amoebazoa
ArachnoServera http://archnoserver.org Sequence, structure and activity of protein toxins from spider venom
AREsite http://rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/AREsite AU-Rich Elements in vertebrate mRNA UTR sequences
ASD http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD/ Allosteric Site Database
ASPicDBa http://www.caspur.it/ASPicDB/ Alternative Splicing Prediction DataBase
Autophagy Database http://tp-apg.genes.nig.ac.jp/autophagy/ Proteins involved in autophagy (self-digestion of eukaryotic cells)
BISC http://bisc.soe.ucsc.edu BInary SubComplexes in Proteins
Bovine Genome http://BovineGenome.org Bovine Genome database
BriX http://brix.switchlab.org/ Protein building blocks for structural analysis
BSDB http://www.ifpan.edu.pl/BSDB Biomolecule Stretching Database
BRENDA-BTO http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/BTO BRENDA Tissue Ontology database
CADgene http://www.bioguo.org/CADgene/ Coronary artery disease gene database
CAMERAa http://camera.calit2.net/ Cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis
CancerResource http://bioinformatics.charite.de/cancerresource/ Cancer-related proteins and compounds
CaSNP http://cistrome.dfci.harvard.edu/snparray/ Copy number alterations in cancer genomes
cBARBEL http://www.catfishgenome.org/ Catfish genome database
CCDB http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/ccdb/ Cervical cancer gene database
CDDB http://www.cdyn.org/ Conformational Dynamics Data Bank of proteins and protein assemblies
ChemProt http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ChemProt/ Annotated and predicted interactions of chemicals with proteins
CLIPZ http://www.clipz.unibas.ch Experimentally-determined binding sites of RNA-binding proteins
COMBREX http://www.combrex.org/ COMputational BRidges to EXperiments
CPLA http://cpla.biocuckoo.org/ Compendium of protein lysine acetylation
DAnCER http://wodaklab.org/dancer/ Disease Annotated Chromatin Epigenetic Resource
DBASS5/3 http://www.dbass.org.uk Database of Aberrant Splice Sites: 5′ and 3′ splice sites
dbCRID http://dbcrid.biolead.org Database of Chromosomal Rearrangements In Diseases
dbDNV http://140.109.42.20/DNVs Database of Duplicated-gene Nucleotide Variants
dbSNP-Q http://cgsmd.isi.edu/dbsnpq GWAS prioritization tool
DDPC http://apps.sanbi.ac.za/ddpc/ Database of Genes Associated with Prostate Cancer
EDULISS http://eduliss.bch.ed.ac.uk/ EDinburgh University Ligand Selection System
Effective http://www.effectors.org Predicted secreted bacterial proteins
EMDataBank http://emdatabank.org 3D cryo-electron microscopy maps, models and metadata
FlyFactorSurvey http://pgfe.umassmed.edu/TFDBS/ Drosophila transcription factor and their binding specificities
FragmentStore http://bioinformatics.charite.de/fragment_store Compound fragment library for fragment-based drug design
FusariumDB http://www.fusariumdb.org/ Comparative genomics of Fusarium strains
GET-Evidence http://get-evidence.org A system for analyzing non-synonymous SNPs in human genes
GlycomeDBa http://www.glycome-db.org Carbohydrate structures
Herb Ingredient Targets http://lifecenter.sgst.cn/hit Protein targets for active compounds from Chinese herbs
HitPredict http://hintdb.hgc.jp/htp/ High-confidence protein–protein interactions
Hymenoptera Genome http://HymenopteraGenome.org Genome sequences for honey bee and the wasp Nasonia vitripennis
IGDD http://115.248.74.248/igdd/home.aspx Indian Genetic Disease Database
IGRhCellID http://igrcid.ibms.sinica.edu.tw Integrated Genomic Resources of Human Cell Lines for Identification
IKMC http://www.knockoutmouse.org The International Knockout Mouse Consortium database
Isobase http://isobase.csail.mit.edu IsoRank PPI Network Alignment Based Ortholog Database
KaPPA-View http://kpv.kazusa.or.jp/kpv4 Kazusa Plant Pathway Viewer
KUPS http://www.ittc.ku.edu/chenlab/ University of Kansas Proteomics Service: protein–protein interaction
Laminin Database http://www.lm.lncc.br Laminin Database
lncRNAdb http://www.lncrnadb.com Long Non-Coding RNA Database
LocDB http://www.rostlab.org/services/locDB Protein localization data for human and Arabidopsis
LSD http://www.eplantsenescence.org Leaf Senescence Database
MatrixDB http://matrixdb.ibcp.fr Extracellular matrix proteins and their interactions
mESAdb http://konulab.fen.bilikent.edu.tr/mirna microRNA Expression and Sequence Analysis Database
MicrosporidiaDB http://microsporidiadb.org Functional genomics resource for Microsporidia
miRTarBase http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw Experimentally validated interactions of microRNA with their targets
MitoGenesisDB http://www.dsimb.inserm.fr/dsimb_tools/mitgene Gene expression in mitochondrial biogenesis
NCBI Epigenomics http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics/ Genomic maps of nuclear changes that control gene expression
NGSmethDB http://bioinfo2.ugr.es/meth/NGSmethDB.php Next-generation sequencing DNA methylation data
NIAS GeneBank http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/databases_en.php Plant genetic resources at the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences in Tsukuba, Japan
non-B DB http://nonb.abcc.ncifcrf.gov Non-B DNA forming motifs in mammalian genomes
OMA browsera http://www.omabrowser.org Orthology Matrix
OMPdb http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/OMPdb Outer membrane proteins from Gram-negative bacteria
P2CSa http://www.p2cs.org Prokaryotic 2-Component Systems database
PAIR http://www.cls.zju.edu.cn/pair/ Predicted Arabidopsis Interactome Resource
Pancreas Expressiona http://www.pancreasexpression.org Pancreatic gene Expression database
Pathway Commons http://www.pathwaycommons.org/pc/ Metabolic and signaling pathways from multiple organisms
PCDB http://pcdb.unq.edu.ar/ Protein Conformational Diversity database
PCDDB http://pcddb.cryst.bbk.ac.uk Protein Circular Dichroism Database
PCRPi-DB http://www.bioinsilico.org/PCRPIDB Presaging Critical Residues in Protein interface-DataBase
PhEVER http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/databases/phever/index.php Phylogenetic Exploration of Viruses and their Evolutionary Relationships
PHOSIDAa http://www.phosida.com Posttranslational modification sites identified by mass spectrometry
PmiRKB http://bis.zju.edu.cn/pmirkb Plant microRNA knowledge base
PolyQ http://pxgrid.med.monash.edu.au/polyq2i/ Polyglutamine Repeats in Proteins
PREX http://csb.wfu.edu/PREX PeroxiRedoxin classification indEX
PRIDB http://bindr.gdcb.iastate.edu/PRIDB Protein–RNA Interface Database
PRO http://pir.georgetown.edu/pro Protein Ontology based on evolutionary relatedness
PROMISCUOUS http://bioinformatics.charite.de/promiscuous Protein interactions data for studies of drug repositioning
ProtCID http://dunbrack2.fccc.edu/protcid Protein Common Interface Database
PSSRdb http://210.212.215.200/PSSR/pssr_frame.html Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeats in bacteria
RBPDB http://rbpdb.ccbr.utoronto.ca/ RNA-binding proteins and their specificities
RegPhos http://RegPhos.mbc.nctu.edu.tw Regulatory Network in Protein Phosphorylation
REPAIRtoire http://repairtoire.genesilico.pl DNA repair pathways of human, yeast and E. coli
RepTar http://reptar.ekmd.huji.ac.il/ Predicted targets of host and viral miRNAs
RiceXPro http://ricexpro.dna.affrc.go.jp/ High-resolution analysis of rice transcriptome
RIKEN mammals http://scines.org/db/mammal
SAHG http://bird.cbrc.jp/sahg Structural Atlas of Human Genome
SCLD http://scld.mcb.uconn.edu Stem Cell Lineage Database
SolGenomicsa http://solgenomics.net/ Solanaceae Genomics Network
SPIKE http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/∼spike/ Signaling Pathways Integrated Knowledge Engine
Starbase http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/ microRNA–mRNA interaction maps
SuperSweet http://bioinformatics.charite.de/sweet Natural and artificial sweetening agents
TADB http://bioinfo-mml.sjtu.edu.cn/TADB/ Type II Toxin-Antitoxin loci in bacteria and archaea
TcoF-DB http://cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/tcof Database for Human Transcription Co-Factors
TFGD http://ted.bti.cornell.edu Tomato Functional Genomics Database
ThYme http://www.enzyme.cbirc.iastate.edu Thioester-active enzymes
TIARA http://www.gmi.ac.kr Totally Integrated Array data and high-throughput sequencing Read data Archive for human whole genomes
TMPad http://bio-cluster.iis.sinica.edu.tw/TMPad/ Helix-packing folds in transmembrane proteins
TOPSAN http://www.topsan.org The Open Protein Structure Annotation Network
TRIP http://www.trpchannel.org Protein–protein interactions in mammalian TRP channels
UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser http://genome-cancer.cse.ucsc.edu Web-based tools to integrate, visualize and analyze cancer genomics and clinical data
UK PubMed Central http://ukpmc.ac.uk/ UK PubMed Central database
ViralZone http://www.expasy.org/viralzone Molecular and epidemiological data on viral genera and families
VnD http://210.218.222.221:8080/VnD/ Variation and Disease: disease-related SNPs and drugs
WebGeSTer DB http://pallab.serc.iisc.ernet.in/gester/ Genome Scanner for bacterial transcriptional Terminators
YPA http://service.csbb.ntu.edu.tw/ypa/ Yeast promoter atlas

aA description of this database has been previously published elsewhere.

In addition to this editorial comment, the current issue includes two more editorials. The first of them (1) is a collective statement by a large consortium of scientists, including the authors of this article, who are concerned with the proliferation of new databases that are rarely able to talk to each other. As a result, instead of contributing to building a single body of knowledge, these databases risk functioning increasingly as isolated islands in a sea of disparate biological data. This article proposes creating a community-defined, uniform, generic description of the core attributes of biological databases, BioDBcore, a kind of ‘minimal information about a biological database’, and provides a preliminary checklist to describe basic specifications of each new database (1). We would ask the authors of future submissions to the NAR Database Issue to fill out that checklist (or its latest version posted at http://biocurator.org/biodbcore.shtml) and provide it as Supplementary Data to their manuscripts. In addition, we will explore ways in which the NAR online Molecular Biology Database Collection might ultimately support the standard.

Another editorial (2) describes COMBREX, an exciting project that is aimed at figuring out the functions of the ‘conserved hypothetical’ and poorly or incorrectly annotated proteins, identified through genome sequencing [see also refs (3,4)]. This project is designed to serve as a clearinghouse, collecting functional predictions from specialists in bioinformatics and functional genomics and then sending these predictions for testing by experimentalists. COMBREX offers an entirely new arrangement for research funding, whereby relatively small amounts of money are offered on a competitive basis to the experimental groups that are willing to test those predictions, employing the techniques and equipment that already exist in their laboratories. This arrangement dramatically decreases the costs of functional analysis of the uncharacterized proteins and gives hope that many of them could be assigned a biochemical—and/or general biological—function.

A bright example of databases that do talk to each other is the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), which consists of three participating databases, the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), and GenBank at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This issue features separate papers from each of these three databases (5–7), as well as a joint paper describing the principles of data maintenance and exchange within the collaboration (8). A separate paper describes the functioning of the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), recently established by the three INSDC partners (9).

Another area where database collaboration proved extremely successful is storage and dissemination of published research. This issue features a detailed description of the UK PubMed Central, an extremely important project that, in collaboration with PubMed Central projects in USA and Canada, provides a permanent online record for the research sponsored by British funding agencies, such as MRC, BBSRC, Wellcome Trust and the National Institute for Health Research (10).

In addition to the archival databases such as those of the INSDC, this issue includes curated databases of DNA sequence motifs, such as AREsite, a collection of AU-rich elements in vertebrate mRNA UTR sequences, and non-B DB, a repository of DNA sequences that form cruciform, triplex, slipped (hairpin) structures, tetraplex (G-quadruplex), left-handed Z-DNA and other DNA structures (11,12).

The RNA database papers featured in this issue include updates on Rfam and miRBase, two gold-standard databases of RNA sequences (13,14), a description of lncRNAdb, a new resource on experimentally characterized long non-coding RNA (15), as well as descriptions of several databases of predicted and/or experimentally validated microRNA targets (16–21). This issue also includes an update on the status of the RNA Modification Database, which was regularly featured in the NAR Database Issue in the 1990s (22–25) but not in the past 12 years. The current version lists 107 types of posttranscriptional modifications of nucleosides in RNA, primarily in various tRNAs (26). Two new databases present data on the RNA-binding proteins [RBPDB, http://rbpdb.ccbr.utoronto.ca/ (27)] and the specific structures of their RNA-binding sites [PRIDB, http://bindr.gdcb.iastate.edu/PRIDB (28)].

This issue also features a block of 15 papers describing recent progress in protein structure databases, such as Protein DataBank (PDB), PDB in Europe (PDBe), CATH, SUPERFAMILY (29–32), as well as a selection of databases on protein building blocks, protein–protein interactions, protein structure modeling, and the organization of inter-protein contact sites (33–38). Among new databases, it is worth mentioning EMDataBank.org, a database of 3D cryo-electron microscopy maps (39), a database of protein circular dichroism data (40) and three databases that are dedicated to the conformational dynamics of proteins (41–43). In addition, a paper from Gert Vriend’s group (44) presents their PDB-facilities web site with several useful PDB-derived databases for the analysis of protein structures. These include the famous Definition of Secondary Structure of Proteins (DSSP) and Homology-derived Secondary Structure of Proteins (HSSP) databases, which were last featured in the NAR Database Issue >12 years ago (45,46).

Progress in the analysis of the human genome prompted the creation of databases that list genes implicated in a variety of human diseases, including coronary artery disease (47), type I diabetes (48) and cancer. Cancer databases in this issue are represented by an update paper on the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations In Cancer [COSMIC, http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic (49)], a description of the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Cancer Genomics Browser [http://genome-cancer.cse.ucsc.edu (50)], a new resource tightly integrated with the popular UCSC Genome Browser and the ENCODE database (51,52), and three more databases, dedicated, respectively, to cervical cancer, prostate cancer and potential cancer drug targets (53–55).

There are many other excellent databases that could not be mentioned here because of the space restrictions. In fact, we expect every single database featured in this issue to be useful to a wide audience of students and researchers in various areas of molecular biology.

As explained in last year’s editorial (56), moving to an online-only format for the NAR Database Issue has allowed us to accommodate longer papers and to offer the authors of the most popular data resources an opportunity to describe their resources in more detail, providing a deeper insight into the organization and goals of their respective resources and putting the recent updates of these resources into a broader context. This year, such extended papers were invited for a much larger number of databases, resulting in comprehensive descriptions of the PDB, PDBe, EMDataBank, MODBASE, GPCRDB, RegulonDB, STRING and other well-known databases (29,30,35,39,57–59). In some cases, longer descriptions were accepted for first-time descriptions of several new databases (36,60,61). We intend to continue accepting long(er) database papers in the future.

FUNDING

Intramural Research Program of the US National Institutes of Health (to M.Y.G.); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (to G.R.C.). Funding for open access charge: Waived by Oxford University Press.

Conflict of interest statement. The authors' opinions do not necessarily reflect the views of their respective institutions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Sir Richard Roberts and Dr Alex Bateman, Dr David Landsman and Dr Francis Ouellette for helpful comments; Patricia Anderson, Dr Martine Bernardes-Silva and Gail Welsh for excellent editorial assistance, the Oxford University Press team lead by Claire Bird and Jennifer Boyd and Sheila Plaister at EMBL-EBI for their help in compiling this issue and the online Molecular Biology Database Collection.

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