Fugue associated with migraine

Abstract

Fugue states are characterised by a complete loss of memory for all personal details. Although often witnessed on stage and screen, real-life fugue states are rare. They are often psychogenic and rarely organic in origin. Here a case of fugue in a patient with migraines is reported. It is possible that cerebral vasoconstriction in this case caused the memory impairment; this is supported by cerebral hypo-perfusion demonstrated on SPECT scanning. The patient’s fugue resolved after treatment for migraine.

BACKGROUND

Fugue states are characterised by a complete loss of memory for all personal details. Although often witnessed on stage and screen, real-life fugue states are rare. They are often psychogenic and rarely organic in origin. Organic causes for fugue states include complex partial seizures, drugs and head trauma.³ Here we report fugue in a man with a long history of migraines and provide evidence that this is due to migraine associated cerebral hypo-perfusion.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 33-year-old man was brought by ambulance to the emergency department from a local park with a right-sided headache and amnesia. He did not know his name, age, address, occupation or marital status. He could not remember how he came to be in the park, nor could he recall any autobiographical event before that morning. Despite this alarming deficit, he responded to all questions directly, showing surprisingly little distress at his predicament. Cognitive testing showed that he was orientated to time and place, and able to perform well on tests of attention, concentration and recall. He was afebrile, and his physical examination was unremarkable. We observed no signs of head trauma or substance intoxication or withdrawal. His blood alcohol concentration was 0 and a urinary drug screen was unremarkable. A white cell count showed mild neutrophilia, but all other haematological and biochemical indices were normal. Cerebral computed tomography and lumbar puncture were normal. He started receiving empirical intravenous antibiotic and antiviral treatment and was admitted for observation.

The next morning, the patient’s headache continued and he remained profoundly amnesic. However, he was able to write down a motorcycle license-plate number which was used by police to identify him. Further history then available from family members and the patient’s regular neurologist showed a 20-year history of migraine with aura consisting of blurred vision and scintillation spectra, often followed by unilateral paraesthesias of one hand culminating in frontal headache contralateral to the hand.¹ The patient had experienced numerous prior episodes of amnesia often involving travel within the city and on one occasion several hundred kilometres between cities. Each episode invariably occurred in the context of a migraine, with the fugue state occurring after the onset of headache but not preceding it. The patient had also experienced migraines with shorter periods of amnesia lasting minutes, in which he forgot what he was doing but did not result in travel. On presentation, there were no historical features to indicate a primary psychiatric disorder and nothing to suggest the patient might be malingering. There were no recent psychosocial stressors. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 3 months earlier had shown foci of increased signal in the subcortical white matter, consistent with white matter hyperintensities described in previous imaging studies of migraineurs.² We found no space occupying lesions or other structural abnormalities.

Migrainous fugue was diagnosed, and the patient was given 50 mg of sumatriptan. Within 3 h his headache improved, his autobiographical data returned, and he was suddenly able to give a comprehensive and lucid personal history confirming historical details already sourced from his family and doctors. The role of a single unblinded dose of sumatriptan in his recovery should be interpreted with caution, as the patient subsequently reported that he had tried numerous drugs for his migraines (including sumatriptan) without success. An electroencephalogram (EEG) performed 3 h after the return of the patient’s memory was normal. A SPECT scan also performed at this time showed moderate hypoperfusion of the right temporal and parietal lobes and mild frontal hypoperfusion compared with a follow-up scan at 4 days (fig 1).

Figure 1. A single-photon emission computed tomography scan showing moderate hypoperfusion of the right temporal and parietal lobes during fugue with a follow-up scan 4 days later.

DISCUSSION

Fugue states are characterised by a complete loss of memory for all personal details and are often associated with travel from home. Although often witnessed on stage and screen, real-life fugue states are rare. The classical psychogenic dissociative fugue is said to be an unconscious reaction to a traumatic event where the person “forgets” in an effort to cope with the anxiety the event evoked.³ However, a range of organic causes have been reported, including complex partial seizures, drugs and head trauma.³ Changes in cerebral perfusion during migraine have been described in the literature.⁴ We hypothesise that our patient’s recurrent fugue states are causally related to migrainous hypoperfusion of the temporal and frontal lobes, and the limbic region, in keeping with the SPECT findings. Markowitsch et al investigated a case of autobiographical amnesia and found similar perfusion changes on positron emission tomography scanning.⁵ However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous case reports of fugue in the context of migraine with aura, with changes in cerebral perfusion documented by SPECT scanning.

LEARNING POINTS

• Fugue is complete loss of personal memory, it is usually psychogenic.

• Migraine may be a rare cause of fugue.

• Cerebral hypoperfusion in migraine may cause fugue.