Table 1.
Summary of molecular studies investigating pre-diabetes and enteroviruses
| Study | Country | Cases/controls | Cases | Autoantibodies detected | Age in cases | Controls | Method of detection | EV type sequenced |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Shaheeb, 201030 | Australia | 13/198 | Autoantibody positive children with first degree relative with T1DM | At least two of ICA, GADA, IA2A, or IAA | Birth cohort from VIGR study | Children from same cohort negative for autoantibody | EV RNA in serum (RT-PCR) | — |
| Coutant, 200232 | France | 5/49 | Autoantibody positive siblings of probands with diabetes | ICA, GADA | Age 2.4-16.5 | Healthy children matched for age, sex, place, and sampling date | EV RNA in serum (RT-PCR) | — |
| Graves, 200322 | USA | 13/13 | Autoantibody positive (eventual); sibling offspring cohort | At least one of IAA, GADA, or ICA | From DAISY cohort study, children at moderate to high risk of developing T1DM | Age matched children from same cohort negative for autoantibody | EV RNA in serum, saliva, and rectal swab (RT-PCR) | — |
| 13/26 | Autoantibody positive (eventual); newborn screened cohort | |||||||
| Moya-Suri, 200533 | Germany | 50/50 | Autoantibody positive | At least one of IAA, GADA, ICA, or IA2A | Median age 12, IQR 10-14 | Children from same cohort negative for autoantibody | EV RNA in serum (RT-PCR) | CVB-4, CVB-2, CVB-6 |
| Salminen, 200320 | Finland | 41/196 | Autoantibody positive children (samples taken 6 months before seroconversion) | At least one of ICA, GADA, IAA, or IA2A | Birth cohort from DIPP study | Children from same cohort negative for autoantibody | EV RNA in serum (RT-PCR) | — |
| Sadeharju, 200328 | Finland | 19/84 | Autoantibody positive (eventual), from Trial to Reduce IDDM in Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study | At least one of IAA, GADA, or IA2A | Birth cohort from TRIGR study | Children from same study cohort negative for autoantibody and matched for sex, HLA, and intervention group | EV RNA in serum (RT-PCR) | — |
| Salminen, 200429 | Finland | 12/53 | Autoantibody positive (eventual) | At least one | Birth cohort from DIPP study | Children from same study cohort negative for autoantibody (matched for age, sex, and HLA DQ haplotype) | EV RNA in stool samples (RT-PCR) and/or serum | PV-3, CVA-9, CVB-3, CVB-4, CVB-5, EV-3, EV-11, EV-18, EV-24, EV-25 |
| Sarmiento, 200716 | Cuba | 32/63 | First degree relatives with ICA positive T1DM | ICA | Mean age 13.5 (SD 9.5), range 1-46 | Healthy people verified negative for ICA with no family history of diabetes | EV RNA in serum (RT-PCR) | — |
T1DM=type 1 diabetes mellitus; ICA=islet cell autoantibody; GADA=glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody; IA2A=islet cell antigen antibody; IAA=insulin autoantibody; EV RNA=enterovirus RNA; RT PCA=reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; IQR=interquartile range.