Abstract
We evaluated an elderly patient with a lifelong history of severe bleeding after surgery or trauma and with evidence of persistent hyperfibrinolysis. Routine coagulation studies were normal. Serum plasminogen (40%, normal 72-128%) and alpha 2-antiplasmin (55%, normal 70-145%) activities were decreased. Euglobulin clot lysis was abnormally shortened (50 min) and normalized in vitro with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA). The patient was treated with EACA with prompt cessation of bleeding. Patient tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels in serum were normal (4.7 ng/ml, control 3.5-7.2) as detected by a two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Patient fibrinolytic inhibitor activities were assessed by incubating 125I-labeled t-PA with either whole blood or serum followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography to identify the resultant protease/protease inhibitor complexes. In comparison to blood samples obtained from normal donors, patient plasma and serum demonstrated reduced binding of a fast-acting plasminogen activator inhibitor to 125I-labeled t-PA. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated diminished complex formation between type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in patient serum and 125I-labeled t-PA. Low patient PAI-1 activity was confirmed in serum (0.36 U/ml, control 0.87-1.81; n = 3) and in platelet lysates using a functional IRMA to quantitate PAI-1 binding to immobilized t-PA. However, patient serum PAI-1 antigen was within the normal range when analyzed by IRMA (31.8 ng/ml, control 19.6-42.2); this result was confirmed in both serum and platelets by Western blot (n = 3). Mixing experiments using purified PAI-1 as well as patient and control sera did not show evidence for an inhibitor against PAI-1. We conclude that this patient's bleeding diathesis was due to hyperfibrinolysis and defective PAI-1. This patient provides the first demonstration of a link between decreased in vivo PAI-1 activity and disordered hemostasis, and supports a role for PAI-1 in control of vivo fibrinolysis.
Full text
PDFImages in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aoki N., Saito H., Kamiya T., Koie K., Sakata Y., Kobakura M. Congenital deficiency of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor associated with severe hemorrhagic tendency. J Clin Invest. 1979 May;63(5):877–884. doi: 10.1172/JCI109387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aznar J., Estellés A., Vila V., Regañn E., España F., Villa P. Inherited fibrinolytic disorder due to an enhanced plasminogen activator level. Thromb Haemost. 1984 Oct 31;52(2):196–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bauer K. A., Rosenberg R. D. The pathophysiology of the prethrombotic state in humans: insights gained from studies using markers of hemostatic system activation. Blood. 1987 Aug;70(2):343–350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bevilacqua M. P., Schleef R. R., Gimbrone M. A., Jr, Loskutoff D. J. Regulation of the fibrinolytic system of cultured human vascular endothelium by interleukin 1. J Clin Invest. 1986 Aug;78(2):587–591. doi: 10.1172/JCI112613. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Booth N. A., Bennett B., Wijngaards G., Grieve J. H. A new life-long hemorrhagic disorder due to excess plasminogen activator. Blood. 1983 Feb;61(2):267–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Colucci M., Paramo J. A., Collen D. Inhibition of one-chain and two-chain forms of human tissue-type plasminogen activator by the fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in vitro and in vivo. J Lab Clin Med. 1986 Jul;108(1):53–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Danø K., Andreasen P. A., Grøndahl-Hansen J., Kristensen P., Nielsen L. S., Skriver L. Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Adv Cancer Res. 1985;44:139–266. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60028-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Erickson L. A., Hekman C. M., Loskutoff D. J. The primary plasminogen-activator inhibitors in endothelial cells, platelets, serum, and plasma are immunologically related. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8710–8714. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Erickson L. A., Schleef R. R., Ny T., Loskutoff D. J. The fibrinolytic system of the vascular wall. Clin Haematol. 1985 Jun;14(2):513–530. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Francis C. W., Marder V. J. Concepts of clot lysis. Annu Rev Med. 1986;37:187–204. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.001155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ginsburg D., Zeheb R., Yang A. Y., Rafferty U. M., Andreasen P. A., Nielsen L., Dano K., Lebo R. V., Gelehrter T. D. cDNA cloning of human plasminogen activator-inhibitor from endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1986 Dec;78(6):1673–1680. doi: 10.1172/JCI112761. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamsten A., Wiman B., de Faire U., Blombäck M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1985 Dec 19;313(25):1557–1563. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198512193132501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hekman C. M., Loskutoff D. J. Kinetic analysis of the interactions between plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and both urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 Apr;262(1):199–210. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90182-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kluft C., Vellenga E., Brommer E. J., Wijngaards G. A familial hemorrhagic diathesis in a Dutch family: an inherited deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin. Blood. 1982 Jun;59(6):1169–1180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Loskutoff D. J., Sawdey M., Mimuro J. Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Prog Hemost Thromb. 1989;9:87–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miles L. A., Plow E. F., Donnelly K. J., Hougie C., Griffin J. H. A bleeding disorder due to deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin. Blood. 1982 Jun;59(6):1246–1251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nilsson I. M., Ljungnér H., Tengborn L. Two different mechanisms in patients with venous thrombosis and defective fibrinolysis: low concentration of plasminogen activator or increased concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 May 18;290(6480):1453–1456. doi: 10.1136/bmj.290.6480.1453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rheinwald J. G., Jorgensen J. L., Hahn W. C., Terpstra A. J., O'Connell T. M., Plummer K. K. Mesosecrin: a secreted glycoprotein produced in abundance by human mesothelial, endothelial, and kidney epithelial cells in culture. J Cell Biol. 1987 Feb;104(2):263–275. doi: 10.1083/jcb.104.2.263. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sakata Y., Loskutoff D. J., Gladson C. L., Hekman C. M., Griffin J. H. Mechanism of protein C-dependent clot lysis: role of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Blood. 1986 Dec;68(6):1218–1223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schleef R. R., Bevilacqua M. P., Sawdey M., Gimbrone M. A., Jr, Loskutoff D. J. Cytokine activation of vascular endothelium. Effects on tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5797–5803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schleef R. R., Sinha M., Loskutoff D. J. Characterization of two monoclonal antibodies against human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost. 1985 Apr 22;53(2):170–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schleef R. R., Sinha M., Loskutoff D. J. Immunoradiometric assay to measure the binding of a specific inhibitor to tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Lab Clin Med. 1985 Oct;106(4):408–415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sprengers E. D., Kluft C. Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood. 1987 Feb;69(2):381–387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tate K. M., Higgins D. L., Holmes W. E., Winkler M. E., Heyneker H. L., Vehar G. A. Functional role of proteolytic cleavage at arginine-275 of human tissue plasminogen activator as assessed by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochemistry. 1987 Jan 27;26(2):338–343. doi: 10.1021/bi00376a002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Mourik J. A., Lawrence D. A., Loskutoff D. J. Purification of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator (antiactivator) synthesized by endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1984 Dec 10;259(23):14914–14921. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]