Abstract
Objective/Aim: A new group of autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies directed to citrulline-containing proteins, which are of value for the severity of RA. Up to date, the relationship between anti-CCP antibodies and oxidant, anti-oxidant activity in patients with RA has not been elucidated in the previous studies. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of anti-CCP antibodies in the circulation on whole blood, serum and synovial fluid oxidant and anti-oxidant activity in patients with RA. Materials and Methods: RA patients with anti-CCP (+) (n=25) and anti-CCP (-) (n=24) were recruited into the study. All patients had a positive rheumatoid factor (RF). The patients who were under treatment with only non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) at the study time included in the study. Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in whole blood, serum and synovial fluid in both groups. Results: There were no significant differences in terms of the mean whole blood and serum antioxidative activity (CAT, GSHpx) and the mean blood and serum MDA and MPO values (oxidative activity), between the patients with anti-CCP(+) and those with anti-CCP(-). There was increased synovial oxidant activity (MDA and MPO levels) (p<0.05) in anti-CCP(+) RA patients with or without ESR negativity when compared with anti-CCP(-) RA patients. There was positive correlation between anti-CCP antibody levels and synovial MDA and MPO levels (r=0.435, p<0.05, r=0.563, p<0.05 respectively) in anti-CCP (+) group. Conclusions: In conclusion, anti-CCP antibody positivity seems to be associated with increased synovial fluid oxidant activity (increased MDA and MPO levels) in patients with RA. These conclusions need to be validated in a larger controlled study population.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Rheumatoid arthritis, Anti-CCP antibody, Malondialdehyde, Myeloperoxidase, Synovial fluid
Introduction
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune, systemic disease, in which various joints in the body are inflamed, leading to swelling, pain, stiffness, and the possible loss of function. Pathologically, synovial proliferation and destruction of the articular cartilage and bone occur in the disease course 1. Free radical/reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as a chemical species, an atom or a molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons in its valance shell which makes it unstable, short lived and highly reactive, therefore, for gaining stability, it attacks the nearest stable molecule “stealing” its electron. When the attacked molecule looses its electron, it becomes a free radical itself, beginning a chain reaction cascade resulting in disruption of a living cell 2. It is well established now that free radicals/ROS play an important role in chronic inflammation 2. Oxygen metabolism has an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. Free radicals/ROS produced in the course of cellular oxidative phosphorylation and repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation, along with oxidants produced by phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, lead to chronic oxidative stress in the RA synovial microenvironment and the other tissues 3.
Increased oxidative stress in synovial tissue and synovial fluid may be associated with increased disease activity, tissue demage and bone erosions in RA. It has been shown that, especially in RA, monocytes produce 2.7 times more oxygen radicals than controls 4. Clinical evidence has also suggested oxidative stress is elevated in RA patients. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), a degradation product of lipid peroxidation, level was significantly higher in the synovial fluid and serum of RA patients than that of control subjects 5,6. Epidemiologic studies have also shown an inverse association between dietary intake of antioxidants and RA incidence 7, and inverse associations between antioxidant levels and inflammation have been found 8,9.
A new group of autoantibodies that have generated particular interest are the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies directed to citrulline-containing proteins, which appear to be of value for the diagnosis and especially severity of RA 10, and also closely correlated to inflammatory disease activity (Disease Activity Score-DAS28) scores and the presence, development, and extent of joint erosions 1. Anti-CCP antibodies are actively produced or enriched at the site of inflammation (joints and synovial tissue) and may play an active role in the pathogenesis of Anti-CCP positive RA by enhancing oxidative stress in rheumatoid joint 11. Indeed, high titers of anti-CCP antibodies have been associated with an erosive disease course and outcome in RA 1,10,12. Anti-CCP antibodies can also induce or enhance arthritis and tisuue demage in the mouse 13.
The effects of anti-CCP antibodies on whole blood, serum and synovial fluid oxidant and anti-oxidant activity in patients with RA has not been elucidated in the previous studies. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of anti-CCP antibodies in the circulation on whole blood, serum and synovial fluid oxidant and anti-oxidant capacity in patients with RA.
Methods
RA patients with anti-CCP (+) (n=25) and anti-CCP (-) (n=24) were recruited into the study. All patients fulfilled the revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for RA 14. All patients had a positive rheumatoid factor (RF). RF negative patients were excluded from the study. Consent for all procedures was obtained from each individual and from the university research ethics committee. Blood and synovial fluid samples were taken from the patients. The patients were chosen for the study after having a preliminary evaluation consisting of a brief medical history, smoking and alcohol habits and physical examinations. Inflammatory disease activity was defined as a Disease Activity Score (DAS 28). All patients evaluated in terms of RF, CRP, ESR, and anti-CCP2 status. DAS 28 scores, tender joint count, duration of morning stiffness. Patients with any history of chronic diseases such as liver diseases, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases and alchohol usage and smoking were not included in the study. The patients who were under treatment with only NSAID at the study time included in the study. Those who had been receiving corticosteroid agents and under treatment with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and anti-TNF or other biological agents for at least 3 months before the study date were excluded from this study.
Determination of anti-CCP2 antibody
Anti-CCP2 antibody was determined by ELISA (Immunoscan RA Mark 2; Euro-Diagnostica, Arnhem, The Netherlands) which was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (sensitivity 74%, specificity 97-99%).
Determination of oxidant and antioxidant activities in whole blood, serum and synovial fluid
Totally 5 ml sample of venous blood and 3 ml sample of synovial fluid from knee was taken from each individual in the morning, before breakfast. 2 ml of them was taken in tube with EDTA, and the rest in biochemical tube. Samples were kept in a cool box at +4 °C until they were transferred immediately to the laboratory, where they were immediately centrifuged. Serum was stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum samples were obtained by centrifuging blood samples at 3000 rpm for 15 min at +4 °C. Whole blood samples and synovial fluid were hemolyzed with distillated water then they were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min at +4 °C. The clear upper supernatant fluid was taken. Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in whole blood, serum and synovial fluid.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis
Lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels of whole blood, serum and synovial fluid were measured with the thiobarbituric acid reaction by the method of Placer et al. 15. The quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was determined by comparing the absorption to the standard curve of MDA equivalents generated by acid catalyzed hydrolysis of 1,1,3,3 tetramethoxypropane. The optical density was measured at 532 nm for samples MDA level (Shimadzu UV-VIS Spectrophotometer UV1201). The level of MDA was expressed as nmol/ml sample.
Catalase (CAT) analysis
CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was determined by the method of Aebi 16. The principle of the assay is based on the determination of the rate constant (s−1, k) of the H2O2 decomposition rate at 240 nm. Activities were expressed as k ml−1 sample.
Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) analysis
GSH-Px activity of the whole blood, serum and synovial fluid samples was measured spectrophotometrically (Shimadzu 2R/UV-Vis) at 378C and 412 nm according to Matkovics et al 17. GSH-Px activity in samples was expressed as units (U/ml) of GSH-Px activity.
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) analysis
MPO activity was measured according to the modified method of Bradley et al 18. MPO activity in the supernatant was determined by adding 100 µl of the supernatant to 1.9 ml of 10 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and 1ml of 1.5 mmol/l o-dianisidine hydrochloride containing 0.0005% (w/v) hydrogen peroxide. The changes in absorbance at 450 nm of each sample were recorded on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. MPO activity in samples was expressed as units (U/ml) of MPO activity.
Statistical analysis
Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS program (version 13.0 software, SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA). For the comparison of groups, independent student t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used. P values of less than 0.05 were regarded as significant. Spearman rank correlation analysis was applied to assess correlation.
Results
The RA subjects with anti-CCP (+) were 25 individuals (18 females, 7 males), aged 39 to 63 years (mean age 54.4 ± 9.6). The mean anti-CCP antibody levels was 96.72± 61.07 U/ml (mean±SD) in anti-CCP(+) group. The RA patients without anti-CCP consisted of 24 individuals (19 females, 5 males), aged 42 to 62 years (mean age 56.2 ± 11.2). As shown in Table 1, RA patients with anti-CCP(+) had significantly higher DAS 28 scores, tender joint count and morning stiffness time (p<0.01) than that of those with anti-CCP(-). Other demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics did not show statistically significant differences between groups.
Table 1.
Demographic and some clinical and laboratory characteristics of RA patients with anti-CCP (+) and anti-CCP (-).
| Feature | Anti-CCP(+) (n=25) (mean ±SD) | Anti-CCP(-) (n=24) (mean ±SD) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.4 ± 9.6 | 56.2 ± 11.2 | NS |
| Gender female/male | 18/7 | 19/5 | NS |
| Body mass index (BMI) kg/m2 | 24.5±1.4 | 25.3±1.9 | NS |
| Duration of disease (years) | 9.6 ± 6.3 | 8.1 ± 7.5 | NS |
| Morning stiffness (minutes) | 34.7 ± 33.6 | 17.8 ± 23.5 | 0.004* |
| Tender joint count | 5.7 ± 5.2 | 2.8± 3.3 | 0.007* |
| DAS 28 scores | 4.1± 1.8 | 3.4± 1.3 | 0.006* |
| ESR mm/hr | 37.9 ± 26.8 | 33.6 ± 21.3 | NS |
| CRP mg/L | 34.3 ± 23.8 | 31.4 ± 29.8 | NS |
*p<0.01, NS: Nonsignificant
There were no significant differences in terms of the mean whole blood and serum antioxidative activity (CAT, GSHpx) and the mean blood and serum MDA and MPO values (oxidative activity), between the patients with anti-CCP(+) and those with anti-CCP(-) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Serum and whole blood oxidant activity; MDA and MPO levels, and antioxidant activity; CAT and GSH-Px levels in anti-CCP(+) and anti-CCP(-) patients with RA.
| Anti-CCP | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum GSHpx (U/ml) | negative | 24 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 0.622 |
| positive | 25 | 0.48 | 0.19 | ||
| Whole Blood GSHpx (U/ml) | negative | 24 | 14.10 | 6.67 | 0.614 |
| positive | 25 | 15.63 | 4.39 | ||
| Serum CAT (k ml−1) | negative | 24 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.267 |
| positive | 25 | 0.13 | 0.01 | ||
| Whole Blood CAT (k ml−1) | negative | 24 | 114.23 | 21.15 | 0.322 |
| positive | 25 | 112.21 | 20.66 | ||
| Serum MDA (nmol/ml) | negative | 24 | 3.34 | 0.15 | 0.141 |
| positive | 25 | 3.52 | 0.32 | ||
| Whole Blood MDA (nmol/ml) | negative | 24 | 50.39 | 7.29 | 0.233 |
| positive | 25 | 53.63 | 7.50 | ||
| Serum MPO (U/ml) | negative | 24 | 0.64 | 0,28 | 0.487 |
| positive | 25 | 0.62 | 0,20 | ||
| Whole Blood MPO (U/ml) | negative | 24 | 67.44 | 25.04 | 0.218 |
| positive | 25 | 71.13 | 20.93 |
In the synovial fluid, there was increased synovial oxidant activity (MPO and MDA levels) (p<0.05) in anti-CCP(+) patients with RA when compared with anti-CCP(-) RA patients (Table 3). There were no significant differences in terms of the mean synovial antioxidative activity (CAT, GSHpx) values between the patients with anti-CCP(+) and those with anti-CCP(-).
Table 3.
Synovial fluid oxidant activity; MDA and MPO levels, and antioxidant activity; CAT and GSH-Px levels in anti-CCP(+) and anti-CCP(-) patients with RA.
| Anti-CCP antibody | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synovial GSHpx (U/ml) | negative | 24 | 0.072 | 0.027 | 0.432 |
| positive | 25 | 0.074 | 0.032 | ||
| Synovial CAT (k ml−1) | negative | 24 | 0.156 | 0.088 | 0.324 |
| positive | 25 | 0.145 | 0.086 | ||
| Synovial MDA (nmol/ml) | negative | 24 | 2.852 | 0.509 | 0.021* |
| positive | 25 | 4.592 | 0.780 | ||
| Synovial MPO (U/ml) | negative | 24 | 3.134 | 2.125 | 0.037* |
| positive | 25 | 4.783 | 2.654 |
*p<0.05
Spearman's correlation showed positive correlations between serum anti-CCP antibody levels and synovial MDA and MPO levels (r=0.435, p<0.05, r=0.563, p<0.05 respectively) in anti-CCP (+) group (Figure 1). But there were no significant correlations between anti-CCP antibody levels and whole blood and serum MPO, MDA, GSHpx and CAT levels as well as synovial GSHpx and CAT levels in anti-CCP (+) group.
Fig 1.
There were significant correlations between the antibodies against citrullinated peptide (CCP-AB) levels and synovial MDA and MPO levels (r=0.435, p<0.05, r=0.563, p<0.05 respectively) in the anti-CCP(+) RA population.
Because of oxygen metabolism (Free radical/reactive oxygen species) is related with inflammation, to reveal the relationship between anti-CCP and synovial fluid oxygen metabolism we examined oxidative status in ESR negative patients. Although, there is no clear rational cut off for activity (or for normality) of ESR in RA, the usual clinical trial activity cutpoints for ESR are 28-30 mm/h 19. For that reason, a cut off value for ESR negativity was assessed as 28 mm/h. Ten patients in anti-CCP(+) group and 12 patients in anti-CCP(-) group were ESR negative. While only ESR negative patients compared between the groups, there were no significant differences in terms of serum oxidant levels and antioxidant activity (p>0.05). On the other hand, there were still significant differences between the groups in terms of synovial oxidant levels (MDA and MPO levels) (p<0.05) (Table 4). Moreover, there was still a significant positive correlation between serum anti-CCP and synovial fluid MPO levels [r=0.693, p<0.05- but not synovial fluid MDA levels (r=0.480, p>0.05)] in ESR negative patients of anti CCP(+) group (Figure 2).
Table 4.
Synovial fluid MDA and MPO levels of the subjects whom ESR was below 28 mm/h in anti-CCP(+) and anti-CCP(-) groups.
| Anti-CCP antibody | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synovial MDA (nmol/ml) | negative | 12 | 2.912 | 0.712 | 0.048* |
| positive | 10 | 4.314 | 0.780 | ||
| Synovial MPO (U/ml) | negative | 12 | 3.303 | 1.865 | 0.032* |
| positive | 10 | 4.895 | 2.476 |
*p<0.05
Fig 2.
There was significant correlation between the antibodies against citrullinated peptide (CCP-AB) levels and synovial fluid MPO levels [(r=0.693, p<0.05, but not synovial fluid MDA levels, r=0.480, p>0.05)] of the subjects whom ESR was below 28 mm/h in anti-CCP(+) group.
Discussion
In the current study, we evaluated the relationship between serum anti-CCP antibody positivity and whole blood, serum and synovial fluid oxidant as well as antioxidant capacity in patients with RA, and we found positive correlations between anti-CCP antibody existence in circulation and increased oxidant activity (increased MDA and MPO levels) in the synovial fluids of patients with RA. But no relationship between anti-CCP antibody existence and blood and serum oxidant activity and antioxidant defense system were found. Also we found no significant differences in terms of the mean synovial antioxidative activity (CAT, GSHpx) values between anti-CCP(+) and anti-CCP(-) RA patients.
RA patients positive for anti-CCP represent a subset of RA that is characterized by an aggressive disease course, including bone erosion 10,20. Indeed, Anti-CCP is strongly associated with both prevalent tissue erosions and the development of erosions in RA joint tissues 1. A high disease specificity of anti-CCP coupled with reasonable sensitivity and high predictive value for RA progression and radiological damage suggest that anti-CCP may play an important role in RA pathogenesis. Anti-CCP antibodies may also be related increased oxidative activity in RA patients. Anti-CCP antibodies are directed against antigens containing the nonstandard amino acid citrulline, for example, citrullinated fibrin, which is found in the rheumatoid joint 21. The citrulline moiety, which is the essential part of the antigenic determinant in these antigens, is post-translationally generated by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) 22. Some reults in the literature also suggest that anti-CCP may be related increased oxidative activity in RA patients. For example, TNF-alpha inhibitors act as a regulator against pentosidine formation, oxidative DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation and is associated with a decrease in serum levels of oxidative stress markers, and also anti-CCP antibody levels in RA patients 23,24.
Although the pathophysiological basis of RA is not yet fully understood, free radicals/ROS have been implicated in its pathogenesis 25, and several studies have demonstrated increased oxidative enzyme activity along with decreased, increased or unchanged antioxidant levels in RA sera and synovial fluids 26-28. Our study may also explain these different results in RA patients, because previous studies did not allocate the subjects according to the anti-CCP antibody positivity. Antioxidants and oxidative enzymes have been shown to ameliorate arthritis in animal models 29. Studies of RA synovial fluid and tissue have also demonstrated oxidative damage to hyaluronic acid, low-density-lipid proteins (LDL), proteins, cartilage, extracellular collagen, and intracellular DNA 30,31. These are highly reactive transient chemical species (nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (OHS), with the potential to initiate cellular damage in joint tissues especially in RA. They are formed by phagocyte activation during inflammation.
The current study showed no relationship between anti-CCP antibody existence and blood and serum antioxidant defense system (CAT, GSHpx). There were no statistically differences in both groups (anti-CCP(+) and anti-CCP(-)) in terms of blood and serum oxidant activity and antioxidant defense system. Cells and tissues are protected from ROS-induced damage by a variety of endogenous ROS scavenging proteins, enzymes, and chemical compounds. If these ROS are not scavenged by antioxidant mechanisms, these species may lead to widespread lipid, protein, and DNA damage in cells and tissues of patients with RA 5. Several antioxidant systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, and GSH-Px dependent mechanisms which have different activities have been reported. SOD, the first line of defense against ROS, catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can then be transformed into H2O and O2 by CAT. GSH-Px is a selenoprotein which reduces lipidic or nonlipidic hydroperoxides as well as H2O2 while oxidizing glutathione 32.
In this study, we found a positive correlation between anti-CCP antibody levels and increased oxidant (MDA and MPO) activity in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. One of the end-products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage is MDA which was found to be increased because of the reduced antioxidant defense system in patients with RA. Elevated levels of this end-product have been reported in the serum, plasma and synovial fluid in patients with RA 29. But no change in plasma MDA levels has also been reported 33. The decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels and increased MDA and erithrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in patients with RA were reported in the previous studies and may be related to the severity of RA 26-28,34. MPO is a heme-containing peroxidase. Enzymatically active MPO, together with hydrogen peroxide and chloride, produces the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid and is a key contributor to the oxygen-dependent tissue damage in chronic inflammatory diseases 35. Our study showed a relationship between increased synovial fluid MPO and anti-CCP antibody positivity.
A previous study revealed that the levels of anti-CCP antibodies are higher in synovial fluid than in serum 36. It was also demonstrated that antibodies to the citrullinated antigens were produced and enriched in the joints of the RA patients 11. This may explain why synovial fluid oxidative stress markers (MPO and MDA levels) were increased while serum oxidative stress markers were normal in this study. If anti-CCP antibody levels in synovial fluid were measured, it could have been provide more information in this study. But, because a limited number of our anti-CCP antibody kit, we thought to detect anti-CCP antibody levels in serum would be sufficient for the purpose of this study.
Limitations of the current study; i. Small sample size which leads to lower statistical power. ii. anti-CCP antibodies were not detected in synovial fluid and iii. DAS-28 scores, morning stiffness time and tender joint count at the assessment time were higher in anti-CCP(+) group.
In conclusion; In the current study, we found relationships between anti-CCP antibody existence and increased MPO and MDA levels (oxidant activity) in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. But there were no relationships between anti-CCP antibody existence and whole blood and serum oxidant status and antioxidant defense system. Anti-CCP antibody positivity seems to be associated with increased synovial fluid oxidant activity (increased MDA and MPO levels) in patients with RA. And this increased oxidative activity in synovial fluid may be one of the responsible factors for accelerated bone erosions seen in anti-CCP positive RA patients. These conclusions need to be validated in a larger controlled study population.
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