Abstract
Seventy five patients with oral lesions attending the different departments of Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University were screened for Candida. Forty six (61.3%) Candida strains were isolated from the oral lesions. Of the 46 Candida strains, Candida albicans accounted for 35 (76.08%), Candida glabrata for 5 (10.86%), Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei for 2 (4.34%) each and Candida parapsilosis and Candida guilliermondii for one (2.17%) each. Antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of five plant species that included Syzygium jambolanum, Cassia siamea, Odina wodier, Momordica charantia and Melia azedarach and two algal species, Sargassum wightii and Caulerpa scalpelliformis were tested against 25 isolated strains by disc diffusion method. Antifungal activity was observed at 100 mg/ml for Syzygium jambolanum, Cassia siamea and Caulerpa scalpelliformis and at 10 mg/ml for Sargassum wightii.
Keywords: Antifungal activity, candidiasis, seaweed
Candidiasis is an acute or chronic, superficial or deep infection with a very wide clinical spectrum. Candidiasis occurs mostly in patients who are predisposed to an overgrowth of their own yeast flora. Oropharyngeal candidiasis occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus, those receiving antibacterial antibiotics and those infected with HIV 1 or HIV 21.
Either nystatin suspension or the clotrimazole douches is the drug of choice in candidiasis for non-immunosuppressed adults. Patients with advanced HIV infection or other immunosuppressed disorders may not respond to clotrimazole and may require systemic therapy with ketoconazole, given 200 mg once daily or fluconazole given 100 mg once daily1.
Traditional herbal cures for superficial candidiasis is topical application using calendula and commiphora2. The antifungal properties of various phytoalexins that are naturally occurring antimycotic secondary metabolites are well researched but mainly for crop plants3,4 and relatively little work has been done on their medical applications. In a study carried out to determine the antifungal activity of the marine algae of the French Mediterranean Coast it was found that of the thirty one species investigated, eight species exhibited antifungal activity5. Very little research has been done on the antimycotic nature of whole plant remedies and the action of some herbs is rather speculative.
Seventy five patients attending the different departments of Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital were screened for Candida species. Plain cotton tipped swabs was collected from oral lesions of the patients with diabetes mellitus and HIV/AIDS patients. The specimens were examined by Gram's stain and were inoculated in Sabouraud's dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. Candida species was isolated and identified based on sugar fermentation tests1, germ tube test6 and chlamydospore formation6.
The bark of Syzygium jambolanum DC (Myrtaceae), Cassia siamea Lamk. (Leguminaceae), Odina wodier Roxb. (Anacardiaceae) and the leaves of Momordica charantia Linn (Cucurbitaceae) and Melia azedarach Linn (Meliaceae) were collected during October 2002 from Annamalai University campus and Sargassum wightii (Sargassaceae) and Caulerpa scalpelliformis (Caulerpaceae) were collected during October 2002 from the Rameshwaram Coast (9° 45' N and 79° 0' E). The plants were identified in the Department of Botany, Annamalai University, where the herbarium was located.
The bark and leaves of the plants, and the marine macro algae were washed with tap water and surface sterilized with 10 per cent sodium hypochlorite solution. The samples were rinsed with sterile distilled water and air dried in shade at room temperature. The samples were ground into a fine powder and extracted in 70% aqueous ethanol as described by Vanden Berghe et al7. The solvent from the extract was removed under pressure at 40°. The solid was used in antifungal assay after dissolving in 5% aqueous DMSO.
Twenty five Candida strains that include 15 strains of C. albicans and 10 other strains of Candida species isolated from the oral lesions were subcultured and the turbidity was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland tube. The broth culture was plated on a Sabouraud's dextrose agar plate. Plant extracts were diluted at a concentration of 500, 250, 100 and 10 mg/ml in 5% aqueous DMSO. Whatman No. 1 filter paper discs were prepared, sterilized and impregnated with 20 μl of the extract. The discs were placed on the plates inoculated with Candida strains. The plates were incubated and the results were read on the following day. A zone of inhibition was considered as having antifungal activity. Five per cent aqueous DMSO was used as negative control. Fluconazole was used as a standard. Pharmaceutical preparation of fluconazole was obtained and the discs were impregnated with 25 μg of fluconazole and the susceptibility of Candida species was determined based on a zone size of equal or more than 18 mm8.
From the 75 patients screened, 46 strains of Candida were isolated. This included 35 (76.08%) strains of C. albicans, 5 (10.86%) strains of C. glabrata, 2 (4.34%) strains each of C. tropicalis and C. krusei and one (2.17%) strain each of C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii. Of the 67 patients with diabetes mellitus screened, 39 (58.2%) were positive for Candida and of the 8 patients with HIV screened, 7 (87.5%) were positive for Candida.
Candidiasis is an opportunistic infectious disease caused by the genus Candida, which includes eight species. The most common species of the Candida is C. albicans. The preponderance of isolation of Candida from the oral lesions in our study was C. albicans (76.08%) and our study conforms with the isolation of the C. albicans by the different investigators. People with poor oral hygiene may have a higher rate of oral yeast carriage. Also oral yeast carriage rates are generally higher in the patients receiving medical attention1. The patient population of the study is exclusively those who have come to our hospital for some ailment or the other.
HIV is an important predisposing factor for oral candidiasis. It was observed that candidiasis was as high as 87.5% among HIV patients. Though the number studied was small, the isolation rate of Candida was still considerable. In advanced HIV infection, the appearance of oropharyngeal candidiasis is a predictor of clinical progression to AIDS9. Moreover, nearly all patients who progress to clinical AIDS have oral candidiasis at some time10.
As per our study candidiasis has been associated with 58.2% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is an important predisposing factor for candidiasis11. Other predisposing factors for candidiasis are AIDS, preceding surgery, iatrogenic immunosuppression, intravenous catheters, prolonged administration of antimicrobial agents, cytoreductive chemotherapy, neutropenia, hematologic malignant diseases, burns and intravenous drug abuse1.
We have observed that S. jambolanum and C. siamea have exhibited anticandidial activity at 100 mg/ml and O. wodier at 500 mg/ml (Table 1). Extracts of M. charantia and M. azedarach have not exhibited any activity and so their activity has not been shown in the table. The algal extracts of S. wightii and C. scalpelliformis have also exhibited anticandidial activity at 10 and 100 mg/ml, respectively (Table 1). The zone of inhibition produced by the 70% aqueous ethanol extracts of bark of S. jambolanum, C. siamea and O. wodier and the algal extracts of S. wightii and C. scalpelliformis by agar diffusion test against all the 25 isolates of Candida species ranged from 7 to 22 mm. Fluconazole positive control produced a zone of inhibition of 18 mm or more on all the 25 isolates of Candida species tested. Five per cent aqueous DMSO negative control did not have any inhibitory effect on any of the 25 isolates of Candida species tested (Table 1).
TABLE 1.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST 25 ISOLATES OF CANDIDA SPECIES
| Candida species | S. jambolanum | C. siamea | O. wodier | S. wightii | C. scalpelliformis | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 | 250 | 100 | 10 | 500 | 250 | 100 | 10 | 500 | 250 | 100 | 10 | 500 | 250 | 100 | 10 | 500 | 250 | 100 | 10 | |
| (mg/ml) | (mg/ml) | (mg/ml) | (mg/ml) | (mg/ml) | ||||||||||||||||
| C. albicans (15)a | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 2+ | - | - | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - |
| C. glabrata (4) | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 2+ | - | - | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - |
| C. tropicalis (2) | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 2+ | - | - | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - |
| C. krusei (2) | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 2+ | - | - | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - |
| C. parapsilosis (1) | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 2+ | - | - | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - |
| C. guilliermondii (1) | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 2+ | - | - | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - | 4+ | 3+ | 2+ | - |
indicates number of isolates; - indicates no activity; 1+ indicates zone of inhibition in average of 7 to 10 mm; 2+ indicates zone of inhibition in average of 11 to 14 mm; 3+ indicates zone of inhibition in average of 15 to 18 mm; 4+ indicates zone of inhibition in average of 19 to 22 mm.
The zone of inhibition recorded at 500 mg/ml concentration was higher than that of 250, 100, 10 mg/ml concentration for all the extracts. As the amount of the extract increased, the inhibitory effect has also increased. Similar findings were observed by Perumalsamy et al.12
Candida is a difficult organism to establish standards of therapeutic activity. The problem is compounded for plant extracts in which variation may be expected between samples depending on genotype, area of cultivation, time of harvesting, processing methods, dilution etc. The extracts in our study are crude and that may be the reason for the antifungal activity of these extracts up to 100 mg/ml for the S. jambolanum, C. siamea and C. scalpelliformis. Probably, a more refined preparation would have antifungal activity at a lower concentration. Further experimental and clinical trials should be carried out and if these antifungals are effective they could be used as therapeutic agents.
Footnotes
Prabhakar, et al.: Anticandida activity of some plant extracts
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