Abstract
Background
Unsedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is simpler and safer than sedated EGD; however, approximately 40% of patients cannot tolerate it. Early identification of patients likely to poorly tolerate unsedated EGD is valuable for improving compliance. The modified Mallampati classification (MMC) has been used to evaluate difficult tracheal intubation and laryngoscope insertion. We tried to assess the efficacy of MMC to predict the tolerance of EGD in unsedated patients.
Methods
Two hundred patients who underwent an unsedated diagnostic EGD were recruited. They were stratified according to the view of the oropharynx as either MMC class I + II (good view) or class III + IV (poor view). EGD tolerance was assessed in three ways: gag reflex by endoscopist assessment, patient satisfaction by interview, and the degree of change in vital signs.
Results
MMC was significantly correlated to gag reflex (P < 0.001), patient satisfaction (P = 0.028), and a change of vital signs (P = 0.024). Patients in the poor view group had a 3.87-fold increased risk of gag reflex (P < 0.001), a 1.78-fold increased risk of unsatisfaction (P = 0.067), and a 1.96-fold increased risk of a change in vital signs (P = 0.025) compared to those in the good view group.
Conclusions
MMC appears to be a clinically useful predictor of EGD tolerance. Patients with poor view of oropharynx by MMC criteria may be candidates for sedated or transnasal EGD.
Background
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a valuable screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedure for the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, nearly 40% of patients poorly tolerate unsedated EGD [1], and 10% of patients experience severe discomfort despite the use of an ultrathin endoscope [2,3]. Patient discomfort can interfere with the endoscopist's judgment and evoke cardiopulmonary complications, including cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, aspiration, and hypoxemia [4-6]. Sedation can eliminate discomfort and increase patient compliance with EGD [7,8]. However, sedated EGD involves more time, monitoring, ancillary personnel, and has a higher cardiopulmonary risk than unsedated EGD [9], and is thus inappropriate for all patients. Hence, the early identification of patients potentially intolerant of unsedated EGD would improve clinical decision-making.
The Mallampati classification was first described in 1985 [10] and modified to include four categories in 1987 [11]. It is based on the poor visualization of the glottis when the tongue base is disproportionately large and predicts difficult tracheal intubation and laryngoscope insertion. The EGD involves the same route as tracheal intubation and laryngoscopy, and is associated with the same discomforts, such as oropharyngeal irritation, retching, and gag reflex. Therefore, it is reasonable to link the modified Mallampati classification (MMC) and peroral EGD tolerance. To test the usefulness of MMC in clinical practice for routine diagnostic EGD, we designed the present study to assess the tongue base size and the view of the oropharynx by using the MMC to predict EGD tolerance in unsedated patients.
Methods
Patients
From October 2008 to May 2009, two hundred eligible patients (97 men and 103 women; age 18 - 86 years) who were not mentally incompetent, did not use sedatives or beta-blockers, had not had an emergency endoscopic procedure, or a history of oropharyngeal surgery agreed to participate in the present study. For sample size calculation, the minimally clinically significant difference in rates of gag reflex between two MMC groups was considered to be 15%. Thus 60 patients were required to give a 90% power to detect a 15% difference at the 5% significance level for a two-sided test. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan.
Data collection
Before unsedated diagnostic EGD, a written informed consent and a detailed medical history from patients were obtained by an endoscopist followed by a face-to-face interview and MMC status evaluation by two trained research nurses. Information collected included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), education (up to high school; college and above), smoking status, pre-EGD anxiety, previous EGD experience and satisfaction. Both patients and endoscopists were blinded to MMC status.
All patients received 4 puffs of topical pharyngeal spray containing 10% lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine Viscous, Astra, Sweden) 5 and 2 minutes before EGD for a total dosage of 80 mg. Anti-peristaltic agents or glucagon were not used before EGD. All EGD procedures used Olympus GIF-Q260, XQ260, and XQ240 videoendoscopes with 9.0 - 9.2 mm outer diameter of distal tip (Olympus Optical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in 109, 82, 9 patients respectively, and were performed by attending endoscopists. Throughout the procedure, noninvasive mean blood pressure (MBP), pulse rate (PR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SaO2) were monitored with an automated system (Philips, MP20 Junior and C1, Germany).
After EGD, endoscopists immediately assessed the presentation of gag reflex and the main diagnosis of EGD. Patients completed questionnaires prior to leaving the endoscopy center.
Measurements
Modified Mallampati classification (MMC)
MMC assessment was performed with the patient sitting upright with his or her mouth maximally opened and tongue protruded without phonation by two trained research nurses. The participants were assigned to four classes (Figure 1): [11]
Figure 1.
Modified Mallampati classification of oropharyngeal visualization. Class I: Class II: Class III: Class IV:
Class I: Soft palate, fauces, pillars, and uvula are visible.
Class II: Soft palate, fauces, and uvula are visible.
Class III: Soft palate and base of uvula are visible.
Class IV: Soft palate is not visible at all.
Class I and II were defined as "good view" and III and IV as "poor view" in the present study.
Reliability of MMC classification between observers was evaluated by agreement for the independent classifications of 80 subjects from two observers. Kappa values were 0.731 and 0.974 for four (I, II, III, IV) and two (good view and poor view) MMC categories, respectively.
EGD tolerance assessment
EGD tolerance was evaluated on the basis of endoscopist assessment, patient satisfaction, and a change in vital signs.
Endoscopist assessment
When the endoscopist felt a difficult intubation with interruption by obvious retching or vomiting, the assessment for gag reflex was recorded as "present". The main diagnosis were normal, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and both GERD and PUD.
Patient satisfaction
Information on self-assessed satisfaction was based on the following questions: "Were you satisfied with the unsedated EGD?" The response was "satisfactory" or "unsatisfactory"; "Would you be willing to undergo unsedated EGD again?" The response was "yes" or "no".
A change of vital signs
We recorded MBP, PR, and SaO2 before EGD and when the endoscope was in the middle third of the esophagus (about 25 cm from the incisors). A change in vital signs was defined as an increase in MPB or PR by 20% or more, or a decrease in SaO2 to 90% or less between the two recordings.
Statistical analysis
The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or percentage for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects between groups were assessed by Student's t tests (continuous variables) and chi-square tests (categorical variables). Logistic regression analyses adjusting for possible covariates were used to evaluate the relative risk of MMC for the three methods to assess EGD tolerance. All statistical analyses were two-tailed. Statistical significance was accepted at 5% probability level. Analyses were done with the SPSS statistical analysis program, version 15.0.
Results
The 200 patients had a mean age of 49.2 years and BMI of 23.6 kg/m2. In this study, 43.5% patients were college graduates, 72.5% were non-smokers, 73.0% had no pre-EGD anxiety, 64.5% had previously undergone EGD, and 49.6% were satisfied with a previous experience of EGD. After the EGD, 52.5% patients felt satisfied, 75.5% were willing to undergo repeat unsedated EGD, 72.5% had no gag reflex, 52.5% experienced less than 20% MBP elevation from baseline, 50.0% experienced less than 20% PR elevation from baseline, and 100% maintained an SaO2 level over 90%. GERD was diagnosed in 67.5% patients, PUD in 13.5%, and both GERD and PUD in 8.5%, while 10.5% patients were normal (data not shown).
More than 60% (123 out of 200) of patients were in the poor view group (class III + IV). Patients in the poor view group had a significantly higher mean BMI than those in the good view group (class I + II) (24.1 vs. 22.7 kg/m2; P = 0.01) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Comparison of clinical and demographic characteristics by modified Mallampati classification (MMC)
| MMC class | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptor | Good view (n = 77) |
Poor view (n = 123) |
P value |
| Male gender | 46.8 | 49.6 | 0.696 |
| Mean age (years), mean ± SD | 50.7 ± 17.5 | 48.2 ± 16.0 | 0.301 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 22.7 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.9 | 0.010 |
| Up to high school education | 58.4 | 55.3 | 0.661 |
| Smoker | 20.8 | 31.7 | 0.092 |
| Previous EGD experience | 0.179 | ||
| No | 31.1 | 38.2 | |
| Good | 40.3 | 27.6 | |
| Poor | 28.6 | 34.1 | |
| Pre-EGD anxiety | 26.0 | 28.5 | 0.702 |
| EGD diagnosis | 0.155 | ||
| Normal | 16.9 | 7.3 | |
| GERD | 66.2 | 68.3 | |
| PUD | 9.1 | 13.8 | |
| Both (GERD + PUD) | 7.8 | 10.6 | |
| Types of endoscope | 0.239 | ||
| Q260 (9.2 mm) | 59.7 | 51.2 | |
| XQ260 + XQ240 (9.0 mm) | 40.3 | 48.8 | |
Values reflect % unless otherwise noted. Good view: I + II; Poor view: III + IV; BMI, body mass index; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; PUD, peptic ulcer disease.
The clinical characteristics for different gag reflex status, judged by the endoscopist, are shown in Table 2. Fifty-five (27.5%) patients presented gag reflex during EGD. The proportion of patients with a poor view of the oropharynx was significantly higher in the gag reflex present group than the gag reflex absent group (81.8% vs. 53.8%, P < 0.001). Moreover, though not significant, there were more males (58.2% vs. 44.8%), educated (54.5% vs. 39.3%) and smokers (36.4% vs. 24.1%) in the gag reflex present group.
Table 2.
Comparison of clinical and demographic characteristics by presence of gag reflex
| Endoscopist assessment for gag reflex | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptor | Absent (n = 145) |
Present (n = 55) |
P value |
| MMC class, poor view | 53.8 | 81.8 | <0.001 |
| Male gender | 44.8 | 58.2 | 0.092 |
| Mean age (years), mean ± SD | 50.2 ± 16.9 | 46.5 ± 15.5 | 0.158 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23.6 ± 3.7 | 23.4 ± 4.1 | 0.689 |
| Up to high school education | 60.7 | 45.5 | 0.052 |
| Smoker | 24.1 | 36.4 | 0.084 |
| Previous EGD experience | 0.324 | ||
| No | 32.4 | 43.6 | |
| Good | 34.5 | 27.3 | |
| Poor | 33.1 | 29.1 | |
| Pre-EGD anxiety | 27.6 | 27.3 | 0.965 |
| EGD diagnosis | 0.192 | ||
| Normal | 13.1 | 5.5 | |
| GERD | 68.3 | 65.5 | |
| PUD | 9.7 | 18.2 | |
| Both (GERD + PUD) | 9.0 | 10.9 | |
| Types of endoscope | 0.520 | ||
| Q260 (9.2 mm) | 53.1 | 58.2 | |
| XQ260 + XQ240 (9.0 mm) | 46.9 | 41.8 | |
Values reflect % unless otherwise noted. MMC, modified Mallampati classification; Good view: I + II; BMI, body mass index; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; PUD, peptic ulcer disease.
More patients with unsatisfactory EGD were found in the poor view group (45.7% vs. 30.5%, P = 0.028), were younger (P = 0.012), had no or poor previous EGD experience (P = 0.004), and had pre-EGD anxiety (38.9% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.001) (Table 3). The proportion of patients who had a change in vital signs during EGD was significantly higher in the poor view group than in the good view group (67.5% vs. 51.4%, P = 0.024) (Table 4).
Table 3.
Comparison of clinical and demographic characteristics by patient satisfaction status
| Patient satisfaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptor | Satisfactory (n = 105) |
Unsatisfactory (n = 95) |
P value |
| MMC class, poor view | 54.3 | 69.5 | 0.028 |
| Male gender | 51.4 | 45.3 | 0.384 |
| Mean age (years), mean ± SD | 51.9 ± 16.5 | 46.1 ± 16.2 | 0.012 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23.8 ± 3.7 | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 0.447 |
| Up to high school education | 62.9 | 49.5 | 0.057 |
| Smoker | 72.4 | 72.6 | 0.968 |
| Previous EGD experience | 0.004 | ||
| No | 30.5 | 41.1 | |
| Good | 42.9 | 21.1 | |
| Poor | 26.7 | 37.9 | |
| Pre-EGD anxiety | 17.1 | 38.9 | 0.001 |
| EGD diagnosis | 0.850 | ||
| Normal | 11.4 | 10.5 | |
| GERD | 69.5 | 65.3 | |
| PUD | 10.5 | 13.7 | |
| Both (GERD + PUD) | 8.6 | 10.5 | |
| Types of endoscope | 0.949 | ||
| Q260 (9.2 mm) | 54.3 | 54.7 | |
| XQ260 + XQ240 (9.0 mm) | 45.7 | 45.3 | |
Values reflect % unless otherwise noted. MMC, modified Mallampati classification; Good view: I + II; BMI, body mass index; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; PUD, peptic ulcer disease.
Table 4.
Association between patients' clinical and demographic characteristics and a change in vital signs
| A change in vital signs (≥20%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptor | No (n = 74) |
Yes (n = 126) |
P value |
| MMC class, poor view | 51.4 | 67.5 | 0.024 |
| Male gender | 50.0 | 47.6 | 0.745 |
| Mean age (years), mean ± SD | 52.2 ± 17.2 | 47.4 ± 16.0 | 0.050 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23.8 ± 4.1 | 23.5 ± 3.6 | 0.578 |
| Up to high school education | 58.1 | 55.6 | 0.725 |
| Smoker | 77.0 | 69.8 | 0.272 |
| Previous EGD experience | 0.469 | ||
| No | 36.5 | 34.9 | |
| Good | 36.5 | 30.2 | |
| Poor | 27.0 | 34.9 | |
| Pre-EGD anxiety | 31.1 | 25.4 | 0.385 |
| EGD diagnosis | 0.203 | ||
| Normal | 13.5 | 9.5 | |
| GERD | 64.9 | 69.0 | |
| PUD | 16.2 | 9.5 | |
| Both (GERD + PUD) | 5.4 | 11.9 | |
| Types of endoscope | 0.623 | ||
| Q260 (9.2 mm) | 56.8 | 53.2 | |
| XQ260 + XQ240 (9.0 mm) | 43.2 | 46.8 | |
Values reflect % unless otherwise noted. MMC, modified Mallampati classification; Good view: I + II; BMI, body mass index; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; PUD, peptic ulcer disease.
The sensitivities and specificities of MMC in predicting the gag reflex, patient satisfaction and a change in vital signs were 81.8%, 69.5%, 67.5% and 46.2%, 45.7%, 48.6%, respectively (data not shown). After adjusting for potential covariates, by comparison with patients in the good view group, those in the poor view group had a 3.87-fold relative risk (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.81 - 8.26, P < 0.001) of experiencing a gag reflex; a 1.78-fold increased risk of unsatisfaction (95% CI: 0.96 - 3.29, P = 0.067); a 1.96-fold greater risk of experiencing a change in vital signs (95% CI: 1.09 - 3.54, P = 0.025) (Table 5).
Table 5.
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for esophagogastroduodenoscopy tolerance by modified Mallampati classification (MMC)
| MMC status, OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | P value | ||
| Good view | Poor view | ||
| Endoscopist assessment for gag reflex (present vs. absent) | 1 | 3.87 (1.81 - 8.26) | <0.001 |
| Patient satisfaction (unsatisfactory vs. satisfactory) | 1 | 1.78 (0.96 - 3.29)† | 0.067 |
| A change of vital signs (yes vs. no) | 1 | 1.96 (1.09 - 3.54) | 0.025 |
†Adjusting for age, previous EGD experience, and pre-EGD anxiety. Good view: I + II; Poor view: III + IV
Discussion
Factors associated with poor EGD tolerance include young age [1,2,12-14], being female [13,15,16], a non-smoker [17], having low education [13,15], a poor previous EGD experience [15], and high anxiety prior to EGD [12,13,15,18,19]. To our knowledge, this report is the first demonstration that MMC is significantly associated with EGD tolerance as defined by endoscopist assessment, patient satisfaction, or a change in vital signs. MMC class III + IV can predict patients who are likely to suffer physical reactions (gag reflex, hypertension, and tachycardia) during EGD. This simple, fast and noninvasive method should allow the selection of patients who require sedated EGD.
EGD tolerance is a complex concept that encompasses a broad range of specific symptoms and expectations, and there is no current consensus on its definition. In our study, EGD tolerance consisted of three indicators which reflect assessments by the operator and receiver; objective reactions and subjective feelings; physical and mental effects. The willingness to repeat unsedated EGD is mainly depended on the need of therapy, doctor-patient relationships (75.5% were willing to repeat unsedated EGD but only 52.5% patients felt satisfied after the EGD in our study), or other available methods, such as sedated and transnasal EGD, which are limited by hospital facility, underlying conditions, and expenses. Thus, EGD tolerance did not include this item. A difficult intubation with interruption by gag reflex may result in violent peristalsis with poor images, the missing of minor lesions, gastroduodenal spasm with easy trauma by endoscope. Overall, endoscopist judgement and EGD quality are likely to be compromised. Endoscopist assessment may be the most important indicator of EGD tolerance for the clinical physician. Subjective predictors such as pre-EGD anxiety [12,13,15,18,19] and previous EGD experience [15] may be influenced by procedure time, volume of insufflated air into the stomach, frequent pushing and pulling of the endoscope, and the doctor-patient relationship. Patient satisfaction partially depended on the recall from pre-EGD anxiety and previous EGD experience and cannot, therefore, be an independent indicator of EGD tolerance. Our data show that MMC is significantly predictive of endoscopist assessment of gag reflex and of a change in vital signs, but not of patient satisfaction.
The tongue is the largest single structure in the oral cavity, and there is no practical bed-side method to measure its size objectively. A disproportionately large base of the tongue may mask the fauces and posterior part of the soft palate, overshadow the larynx, and result in loss of direction and a larger contact surface area for the EGD. Transnasal EGD is not passed through the oral cavity and greatly decrease the oropharyngeal irritation, such as choking, gag reflex, and sympathetic nervous activity [20,21]. Therefore, MMC can readily assess the view of the oropharyngeal space and accurately select candidates for the transnasal EGD.
We have compared the patient profile and diagnosis by status favorability within each of the three EGD tolerance measures, which has not been done collectively in previous studies. Both pre-EGD anxiety and previous EGD experience were only associated with patient satisfaction. Pre-EGD anxiety was related to previous EGD experience. In the present study, only 9.2% of patients with a good previous EGD experience suffered pre-EGD anxiety, which was less than those with a poor (40.6%) or no past experience (32.4%) (data not shown). Thus, an earlier positive EGD experience helps provide for low pre-EGD anxiety and improve satisfaction in a future EGD. Same as the previous study [22], our older patients have less oropharyngeal sensitivity and well tolerate to EGD procedure. The role of gender in EGD tolerance has been controversial [8,16]. Females report less satisfaction and males more frequently experience a gag reflex in our study. Contrary to previous studies [13,15], we found that patients with a higher education level had less satisfaction and more instances of gag reflex than those with a lower education level. This finding may be attributable to younger age (41.7 vs. 54.9 years) and to a predominance of males (59.8% vs. 39.8%). We, unlike other studies, did not find association between EGD tolerance and any of BMI, smoking status, types of endoscope, or EGD diagnosis. There are no studies discussing the association between the depth of mucosal injury and the EGD tolerance before. We inferred that superficial mucosal injury like atrophic gastritis or Helicobacter pylori related gastritis less affects the EGD tolerance as well as PUD with deeper mucosal injury. However, it is needed to be proved by further prospective studies in the future.
Ways of managing our findings might emerge from procedural and technical advances. Patients with the poor view of the oropharynx regardless of anxiety traits and EGD experiences, might be candidates for more widely acceptable methods for sedated EGD. Patients in whom the view is poor and unwilling or unsuitable for current methods of sedation, could have transnasal EGD with an ultrathin endoscope, more topical pharyngeal spray, or an improved view of the oropharynx by phonation or head-neck posture. There are several limitations in this study. First, our findings may not applicable to morbidly obese patients who tend to be in MMC class III + IV. These patients are likely to have comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, the obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea [23,24], and may be more safely examined by unsedated transnasal EGD than having sedated EGD [25]. Second, our study investigated diagnostic EGD without interventional procedures. Intravenous sedation is standard practice and an even better option in the performance of therapeutic EGD [26]. Finally, like a previous report of tracheal intubation and laryngoscopy [27], we observed that MMC has good sensitivity (0.68 - 0.82), but poor discriminative power in predicting EGD tolerance. Combination with other predictors may add further diagnostic value to the use of MMC.
Conclusions
EGD is an inevitably unpleasant procedure but EGD tolerance is different for each patient. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that MMC is a clinically useful tool in the prediction of EGD tolerance in unsedated patients. Patients with a poor view of the oropharynx need consideration for sedated or transnasal EGD.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
HHH conceived of the study, involved in its design and coordination and drafted the manuscript. YLS, HCC, and TYH participated in the sequence alignment and helped to collect data. MShL participated in its design and performed the statistical analysis. TYH revised it critically for important intellectual content and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional files
Letter of approval by Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
Contributor Information
Hsin-Hung Huang, Email: xinhung@gmail.com.
Meei-Shyuan Lee, Email: mmsl@ndmctsgh.edu.tw.
Yu-Lueng Shih, Email: albreb@ms28.hinet.net.
Heng-Cheng Chu, Email: chu5583@ms55.hinet.net.
Tien-Yu Huang, Email: teinyu.chun@msa.hinet.net.
Tsai-Yuan Hsieh, Email: tyh1216@ms46.hinet.net.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported in part by grant from the Foundation for Medical Research of Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH-C97-45; TSGH-C98-47) and National Defense Medical Center (NDMC-P98-37).
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