Poly[μ-(1,3-dihy­droxy­propan-2-olato)-potassium]

Abstract

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [K(C₃H₇O₃)]_n or K[H₂gl]_n, common name potassium glycerolate, contains half the K⁺ cation and half of the glycerolate anion. The other half of the anion is generated through a mirror plane passing through the K atom, and a C, an H and an O atom of the glycerolate ligand. The K⁺ ion is coordinated by the O atoms of the OH groups, leading to a six-membered chelate ring that adopts a very distorted boat conformation. The negatively charged O atom of the glycerolate anion, [H₂gl⁻], is found in the flagpole position and forms an ionic bond with the K⁺ ion. The O atoms of the hydroxo groups are coordinated to two K⁺ ions, whereas the negatively charged O atom is bonded to one K⁺ ion. The K⁺ ion is coordinated by three other symmetry-related monodentate H₂gl⁻ ligands, so that each H₂gl⁻ ligand is bonded to two K⁺ ions, and the potassium has a seven-coordinate environment. The H₂gl⁻ ligands are connected via a strong O—H⋯O hydrogen bond and, together with the K⋯O inter­connections, form polymeric sheets which propagate in the directions of the a and b axes.

Related literature

For syntheses of mono potassium glyceroxide, see: Forcrand (1887 ▶). For syntheses and characterization of potassium alkoxides and aryl­oxides, see: Weiss et al. (1968 ▶); Brooker et al. (1991 ▶); Kennedy et al. (2001 ▶). For the crystal structure of poly[μ-2,3-dihy­droxy­propan-1-olato-sodium], see: Schatte et al. (2010 ▶) and for related crystal structures of transition metal mono glyceroxides, see: Rath et al. (1998 ▶).

Experimental

Crystal data

• [K(C₃H₇O₃)]

• M _r = 130.19

• Monoclinic,

• a = 7.5514 (4) Å

• b = 7.2632 (4) Å

• c = 9.0675 (5) Å

• β = 93.422 (2)°

• V = 496.44 (5) ų

• Z = 4

• Cu Kα radiation

• μ = 8.53 mm⁻¹

• T = 173 K

• 0.11 × 0.08 × 0.08 mm

Data collection

• Bruker Proteum R SMART 6000 three-circle diffractometer

• Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008 ▶) T _min = 0.454, T _max = 0.549

• 1526 measured reflections

• 436 independent reflections

• 433 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

• R _int = 0.034

Refinement

• R[F ² > 2σ(F ²)] = 0.043

• wR(F ²) = 0.103

• S = 1.17

• 436 reflections

• 41 parameters

• H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement

• Δρ_max = 0.38 e Å⁻³

• Δρ_min = −0.61 e Å⁻³

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009 ▶); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2008 ▶); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SIR2002 (Burla et al., 2003 ▶); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); molecular graphics: CAMERON (Watkin et al., 1993 ▶) and XP in SHELXTL-NT (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ▶).

Supplementary Material

Additional supplementary materials: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report

Table 1. Selected interatomic distances (Å).

K1—O2

2.690 (2)

K1⋯O1	2.7726 (16)
K1⋯O1i	2.7726 (16)
K1⋯O1ii	2.8160 (15)
K1⋯O1iii	2.8160 (15)
K1⋯O1iv	2.8576 (15)
K1⋯O1v	2.8576 (15)

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) .

Table 2. Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °).

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O1—H1⋯O2vi	0.84 (3)	1.68 (3)	2.5229 (19)	177 (3)

Symmetry code: (vi) .

supplementary crystallographic information

Comment

We have shown that alkali metal glycerolates, although known as alkali metal glyceroxide, can be used as efficient catalysts in trans-esterification reactions to produce biodiesel. Earlier syntheses of the mono alkali glycerolate, [M(C₃H₇O₃)]_n (referred to as M[H₂gl], M= Na, K), involved the reaction of excess alkali metal dissolved in ethanol with glycerol (Forcrand, 1887). We found that adding glycerol to a hot alkali hydroxide solution under agitation is the preferred synthesis for mono alkali glyceroxides (Schatte et al., 2010).

Recently, we have reported the crystal structure of poly[µ-2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-olato-sodium], the until now only known crystal structure of mono alkali glyceroxide. The crystal structure of [K(C₃H₇O₃)]_n (I) was determined as part of our continuing research on catalysts which can be used in the production of biodiesel.

The monodentate H₂gl^- ligand coordinates to the potassium atom via the hydroxo groups leading to 6-membered chelating ring with a very distorted boat conformation, Fig. 1. The negatively charged O atom, which is attached to the secondary carbon atom of the H₂gl^- ion, is found in the flagpole position and forms an ionic bond with the potassium cation. This structure is in contrast to the sodium analogue, where the H₂gl^- ligand is coordinated to the sodium atom by one oxo- and one hydroxo group forming a non-planar 5-membered ring and the hydroxo group attached to primary carbon atom of the glycerol is deprotonated. In the related structure of the vanadium-H₂gl complex, however, the hydroxo group attached to secondary carbon atom is deprotonated as well (Rath et al., 1998).

Each H₂gl^- ligand is bonded to two potassium cations. Each potassium cation is connected via K···O bonds ranging from 2.690 (2) to 2.8576 (15) Å to three symmetry related H₂gl^- ligands and is 7-coordinated. In addition, five longer and much weaker K···O interactions ranging from 3.211 (2) to 4.0451 (16) are observed (sum of the van der Waals radii, 4.3 Å; Table 1). The observed intra- and inter-molecular K···O bond distances are elongated in comparison to the related bond distances reported for potassium phenolate complexes (Brooker et al., 1991) and potassium alkoxides (Weiss et al., 1968; Kennedy, et al., 2001).

The H₂gl^- ligands are connected via one strong intermolecular O—H···O hydrogen bond interaction (Table 2 and Fig. 2). Both, the K···O and O—H···O interconnections are responsible for the formation of polymeric sheets which extend indefinitely in the directions of the a and b axes (Fig. 2).

Experimental

A potassium hydroxide solution (336 g, 50%) was freshly prepared by dissolving potassium hydroxide pellets (168 g, 3 mol) in water (168 g). Glycerol (92 g, 1 mol) was slowly added into the hot potassium hydroxide solution under agitation. The mixture was allowed to stand and to cool down to room temperature. Colourless crystals of Poly[µ-2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-olato-potassium] started to form after six days. The crystals are only stable in a very basic solution at ambient temperatures and are less stable than those of the sodium analogue. A suitable single-crystal was quickly coated with oil, collected onto the aperture of a mounted MiTeGen Micromount^TM (diameter of the aperture: 100 microns) and as quickly as possible transferred to the cold stream of the X-ray diffractometer. The crystals tend to dissolve upon eposure to the oil at ambient temperatures for more than one minute.

Refinement

The C-bound H atoms were geometrically placed (C–H = 0.98–1.00 Å) and refined as riding with U_iso(H) = 1.2U_eq(parent atom). The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxo groups were located in the difference Fourier map and were allowed to refine freely.

Figures

Fig. 1.

Molecular structure showing the labelling scheme. Non-hydrogen atoms are represented by displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Symmetry code: (i) x, -y + 1, z.

Fig. 2.

Partial packing diagram of one of the two parallel polymeric sheets observed within the unit cell showing the intra- and inter-molecular K···O and intermolecular O(H)···O contacts (dashed lines). Hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Symmetry codes: (i) x, -y + 1, z; (ii) -x, y, -z; (iii) -x, -y + 1, -z; (iv) -x + 1/2, y + 1/2, -z; (v) -x + 1/2, -y + 1/2, -z; (vi) -x + 1, y, -z; (vii) -x + 1/2, y - 1/2, -z; (viii) x + 1/2, y + 1/2, z; (ix) x + 1/2, -y + 1/2, z; (x) -x + 1, -y + 1, -z; (xi) x - 1/2, y - 1/2, z; (xii) x - 1/2, -y + 1/2, z; (xiii) x - 1/2, y + 1/2, z; (xiv) x + 3/2, -y + 3/2, z; (xv) x + 1/2, y - 1/2, z; (xvi) x + 1/2, -y + 3/2, z; (xvii) -x + 1/2, -y + 3/2, -z.

Crystal data

[K(C3H7O3)]	F(000) = 272
Mr = 130.19	Dx = 1.742 Mg m−3
Monoclinic, C2/m	Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54184 Å
Hall symbol: -C 2y	Cell parameters from 1381 reflections
a = 7.5514 (4) Å	θ = 4.9–64.3°
b = 7.2632 (4) Å	µ = 8.53 mm−1
c = 9.0675 (5) Å	T = 173 K
β = 93.422 (2)°	Plate, colourless
V = 496.44 (5) Å3	0.11 × 0.08 × 0.08 mm
Z = 4

Data collection

Bruker Proteum R SMART 6000 three-circle diffractometer	436 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus rotating anode	433 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Montel200 multilayer graded optics	Rint = 0.034
Detector resolution: 9 pixels mm-1	θmax = 65.0°, θmin = 4.9°
φ and ω scans	h = −8→6
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008)	k = −8→8
Tmin = 0.454, Tmax = 0.549	l = −10→10
1526 measured reflections

Refinement

Refinement on F2	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.043	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.103	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.17	w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0682P)2 + 0.2643P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
436 reflections	(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
41 parameters	Δρmax = 0.38 e Å−3
0 restraints	Δρmin = −0.61 e Å−3

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
K1	0.20681 (7)	0.5000	−0.05926 (6)	0.0275 (4)
O1	0.08625 (19)	0.2924 (2)	0.17095 (15)	0.0281 (5)
H1	0.025 (4)	0.196 (5)	0.182 (3)	0.051 (9)*
O2	0.4099 (3)	0.5000	0.1948 (2)	0.0256 (6)
C1	0.1812 (3)	0.3246 (3)	0.3086 (2)	0.0289 (6)
H1A	0.2604	0.2186	0.3318	0.035*
H1B	0.0958	0.3329	0.3871	0.035*
C2	0.2919 (4)	0.5000	0.3097 (3)	0.0265 (7)
H2	0.3665	0.5000	0.4046	0.032*

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U11	U22	U33	U12	U13	U23
K1	0.0261 (5)	0.0302 (5)	0.0258 (5)	0.000	−0.0015 (3)	0.000
O1	0.0288 (8)	0.0286 (9)	0.0264 (9)	−0.0043 (6)	−0.0036 (6)	0.0016 (6)
O2	0.0232 (11)	0.0250 (11)	0.0286 (11)	0.000	0.0012 (9)	0.000
C1	0.0284 (11)	0.0332 (12)	0.0249 (10)	0.0003 (9)	−0.0008 (8)	0.0027 (8)
C2	0.0257 (15)	0.0324 (15)	0.0209 (14)	0.000	−0.0018 (11)	0.000

Geometric parameters (Å, °)

K1—O2	2.690 (2)	C1—H1A	0.9900
O1—C1	1.421 (3)	C1—H1B	0.9900
O1—H1	0.84 (3)	C2—C1i	1.523 (3)
O2—C2	1.411 (4)	C2—H2	1.0000
C1—C2	1.523 (3)
K1···O1	2.7726 (16)	K1···O2iv	3.9176 (8)
K1···O1i	2.7726 (16)	K1···O2vii	3.9176 (8)
K1···O1ii	2.8160 (15)	K1···O1viii	4.0451 (16)
K1···O1iii	2.8160 (15)	K1···O1ix	4.0451 (16)
K1···O1iv	2.8576 (15)	O1···K1iii	2.8160 (15)
K1···O1v	2.8576 (15)	O1···K1v	2.8576 (15)
K1···O2vi	3.211 (2)	O2···K1x	3.211 (2)
O2—K1—O1i	63.34 (5)	O1xii—K1—O2vi	48.69 (3)
O2—K1—O1	63.34 (5)	O1xiii—K1—O2vi	48.69 (3)
O1i—K1—O1	65.90 (6)	C1—O1—K1	113.60 (12)
O2—K1—O1xi	134.71 (5)	C1—O1—K1iii	124.89 (12)
O1i—K1—O1xi	106.01 (4)	K1—O1—K1iii	73.99 (4)
O1—K1—O1xi	72.13 (5)	C1—O1—K1xiii	100.13 (11)
O2—K1—O1iii	134.71 (5)	K1—O1—K1xiii	85.77 (4)
O1i—K1—O1iii	72.13 (5)	K1iii—O1—K1xiii	134.84 (5)
O1—K1—O1iii	106.01 (4)	C2—O2—K1	106.22 (15)
O1xi—K1—O1iii	64.76 (7)	C2—O2—K1x	154.98 (16)
O2—K1—O1xii	90.44 (4)	K1—O2—K1x	98.80 (6)
O1i—K1—O1xii	94.23 (4)	O1—C1—C2	113.05 (19)
O1—K1—O1xii	151.90 (3)	O1—C1—K1xiii	55.63 (9)
O1xi—K1—O1xii	134.84 (5)	C2—C1—K1xiii	115.16 (14)
O1iii—K1—O1xii	84.79 (2)	O1—C1—H1A	109.0
O2—K1—O1xiii	90.44 (4)	C2—C1—H1A	109.0
O1i—K1—O1xiii	151.90 (3)	O1—C1—H1B	109.0
O1—K1—O1xiii	94.23 (4)	C2—C1—H1B	109.0
O1xi—K1—O1xiii	84.79 (2)	H1A—C1—H1B	107.8
O1iii—K1—O1xiii	134.84 (5)	O2—C2—C1	111.45 (15)
O1xii—K1—O1xiii	95.99 (6)	O2—C2—C1i	111.45 (15)
O2—K1—O2vi	81.20 (6)	C1—C2—C1i	113.5 (2)
O1i—K1—O2vi	129.21 (4)	O2—C2—H2	106.7
O1—K1—O2vi	129.21 (4)	C1—C2—H2	106.7
O1xi—K1—O2vi	124.70 (4)	C1i—C2—H2	106.7
O1iii—K1—O2vi	124.70 (4)
O2—K1—O1—C1	10.85 (12)	O1xii—K1—O2—C2	132.00 (3)
O1i—K1—O1—C1	−60.15 (13)	O1xiii—K1—O2—C2	−132.00 (3)
O1xi—K1—O1—C1	−177.64 (12)	O2vi—K1—O2—C2	180.0
O1iii—K1—O1—C1	−121.60 (13)	K1iii—K1—O2—C2	0.0
O1xii—K1—O1—C1	−11.93 (18)	C1xiii—K1—O2—C2	−130.44 (4)
O1xiii—K1—O1—C1	99.22 (12)	C1xii—K1—O2—C2	130.44 (4)
O2vi—K1—O1—C1	61.77 (13)	O1i—K1—O2—K1x	−142.51 (4)
O2—K1—O1—K1iii	132.45 (5)	O1—K1—O2—K1x	142.51 (4)
O1i—K1—O1—K1iii	61.45 (4)	O1xi—K1—O2—K1x	131.09 (6)
O1xi—K1—O1—K1iii	−56.04 (5)	O1iii—K1—O2—K1x	−131.09 (6)
O1iii—K1—O1—K1iii	0.0	O1xii—K1—O2—K1x	−48.00 (3)
O1xii—K1—O1—K1iii	109.68 (7)	O1xiii—K1—O2—K1x	48.00 (3)
O1xiii—K1—O1—K1iii	−139.18 (5)	O2vi—K1—O2—K1x	0.0
O2vi—K1—O1—K1iii	−176.63 (4)	K1—O1—C1—C2	15.8 (2)
O2—K1—O1—K1xiii	−88.36 (4)	K1iii—O1—C1—C2	−70.6 (2)
O1i—K1—O1—K1xiii	−159.37 (2)	K1xiii—O1—C1—C2	105.59 (16)
O1xi—K1—O1—K1xiii	83.14 (3)	K1—O1—C1—K1xiii	−89.79 (8)
O1iii—K1—O1—K1xiii	139.18 (5)	K1iii—O1—C1—K1xiii	−176.23 (14)
O1xii—K1—O1—K1xiii	−111.14 (11)	K1—O2—C2—C1	63.95 (18)
O1xiii—K1—O1—K1xiii	0.0	K1x—O2—C2—C1	−116.05 (18)
O2vi—K1—O1—K1xiii	−37.45 (6)	K1—O2—C2—C1i	−63.95 (18)
O1i—K1—O2—C2	37.49 (4)	K1x—O2—C2—C1i	116.05 (18)
O1—K1—O2—C2	−37.49 (4)	K1x—O2—C2—K1	180.0
O1xi—K1—O2—C2	−48.91 (6)	O1—C1—C2—O2	−55.6 (2)
O1iii—K1—O2—C2	48.91 (6)	O1—C1—C2—C1i	71.2 (3)

Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1, z; (ii) −x, y, −z; (iii) −x, −y+1, −z; (iv) −x+1/2, y+1/2, −z; (v) −x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z; (vi) −x+1, y, −z; (vii) −x+1/2, y−1/2, −z; (viii) x+1/2, y+1/2, z; (ix) x+1/2, −y+1/2, z; (x) −x+1, −y+1, −z; (xi) −x, y, −z; (xii) −x+1/2, y+1/2, −z; (xiii) −x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O1—H1···O2xiv	0.84 (3)	1.68 (3)	2.5229 (19)	177 (3)

Symmetry codes: (xiv) x−1/2, y−1/2, z.