2-[(Meth­oxy­carbonothio­yl)sulfan­yl]acetic acid

Abstract

The title compound, C₄H₆O₃S₂, features a characteristic xanthate group; the C=S double bond is shorter than the C—S single bond, and the methyl group is coplanar with the xanthate group. In the crystal pairs of mol­ecules form dimers through inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding.

Related literature

For a related structure, see: Xiao & Charpentier (2010 ▶). For the design and applications of the title compound, see: Moad et al. (2005 ▶, 2008 ▶); Stenzel et al. (2003 ▶); Coote & Radom (2004 ▶); Coote et al. (2006 ▶).

Experimental

Crystal data

• C₄H₆O₃S₂

• M _r = 166.21

• Monoclinic,

• a = 7.1009 (3) Å

• b = 10.6485 (5) Å

• c = 9.2022 (4) Å

• β = 93.370 (1)°

• V = 694.61 (5) ų

• Z = 4

• Mo Kα radiation

• μ = 0.70 mm⁻¹

• T = 150 K

• 0.10 × 0.07 × 0.06 mm

Data collection

• Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer

• Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996 ▶) T _min = 0.931, T _max = 0.963

• 33976 measured reflections

• 1723 independent reflections

• 1517 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

• R _int = 0.038

Refinement

• R[F ² > 2σ(F ²)] = 0.021

• wR(F ²) = 0.056

• S = 1.05

• 1723 reflections

• 84 parameters

• H-atom parameters constrained

• Δρ_max = 0.29 e Å⁻³

• Δρ_min = −0.20 e Å⁻³

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009 ▶); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2009 ▶); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.

Supplementary Material

Additional supplementary materials: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report

Table 1. Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °).

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O2—H2⋯O3i	0.84	1.82	2.6540 (12)	175

Symmetry code: (i) .

supplementary crystallographic information

Comment

Carbonothioylthio (S=C—S) compounds are used as chain transfer agents (CTA) in addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In the addition-fragmentation equilibria, addition of the propagating radicals to the S=C group followed by fragmentation of the intermediate radical at the C—S bond generates a new radical and a polymeric carbonothioylthio compound (Moad et al., 2005, 2008). O-alkyl xanthates show low reactivity in RAFT equilibria due to the conjugation of the O lone pair electrons and the C=S bond which is favorable to the zwitterionic canonical forms of xanthates (Moad et al., 2005; Coote et al., 2006). However, xanthates can promote fragmentation of unstable radicals, such as vinyl acetate radicals that undergo fast addition and slow fragmentation (Coote et al., 2006). Though studies have been done on RAFT polymerization of vinyl acetate with methyl 2-(methoxycarbonothioylthio)acetate (Stenzel et al., 2003; Coote & Radom, 2004), 2-(methoxycarbonothioylthio)acetic acid has not been used in RAFT polymerization. Therefore, efforts were made to use 2-(methoxycarbonothioylthio)acetic acid as the CTA in RAFT polymerization, and poly(vinyl acetate)s containing carboxylic acid end groups were successfully prepared. A similar compound, 2-(isopropoxycarbonothioylthio)acetic acid, has been reported for the same application (Xiao & Charpentier, 2010).

Experimental

Potassium hydroxide 5.6 g (50 mmol) was dissolved in methanol 30 ml at room temperature. The solution was cooled with an ice bath when carbon disulfide 20 ml was charged into the flask dropwise. After 1 day reaction at room temperature, a solution of 2-bromoacetic acid 6.9 g (50 mmol) / methanol 20 ml was added into the flask dropwise in an ice bath. The precipitates were removed by filtration after 2 days reaction at room temperature, and the solvent was evaporated with a rotary evaporator. The crude product was run through a silica gel column with a mixture of ethyl ether / hexanes (5:1). Colorless crystals were obtained from crystalization in hexanes/ cyclohexane (4:1). m.p.: 112.6 °C (DSC). MS: 165.9764.

Refinement

The structure was solved and refined using the Bruker SHELXTL Software Package, using the space group P 1 21/c 1, with Z = 4 for the formula unit, C₄H₆O₃S₂. All of the non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal parameters. The hydrogen atom positions were calculated geometrically and were included as riding on their respective carbon/oxygen atoms. The final anisotropic full-matrix least-squares refinement on F² with 84 variables converged at R1 = 2.13%, for the observed data and wR2 = 5.55% for all data. The goodness-of-fit was 1.047. The largest peak in the final difference electron density synthesis was 0.288 e^-/ų and the largest hole was -0.195 e^-/ų with an RMS deviation of 0.040 e^-/ų. On the basis of the final model, the calculated density was 1.589 g/cm³ and F(000), 344 e^-.

Figures

Fig. 1.

View of the title compound (50% probability displacement ellipsoids).

Fig. 2.

Packing diagram of the structure with H-bonds.

Crystal data

C4H6O3S2	F(000) = 344
Mr = 166.21	Dx = 1.589 Mg m−3
Monoclinic, P21/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc	Cell parameters from 9941 reflections
a = 7.1009 (3) Å	θ = 2.9–30.2°
b = 10.6485 (5) Å	µ = 0.70 mm−1
c = 9.2022 (4) Å	T = 150 K
β = 93.370 (1)°	Block, colourless
V = 694.61 (5) Å3	0.10 × 0.07 × 0.06 mm
Z = 4

Data collection

Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer	1723 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	1517 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
graphite	Rint = 0.038
φ and ω scans	θmax = 28.3°, θmin = 2.9°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)	h = −9→9
Tmin = 0.931, Tmax = 0.963	k = −14→13
33976 measured reflections	l = −12→12

Refinement

Refinement on F2	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.021	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.056	H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.05	w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0234P)2 + 0.2541P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
1723 reflections	(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
84 parameters	Δρmax = 0.29 e Å−3
0 restraints	Δρmin = −0.20 e Å−3

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
S1	0.15918 (5)	0.31498 (3)	0.78725 (4)	0.02980 (9)
S2	−0.11784 (5)	0.12843 (3)	0.90015 (4)	0.03122 (9)
O1	−0.10815 (13)	0.37609 (8)	0.93394 (10)	0.0311 (2)
O2	0.41851 (14)	−0.01297 (9)	0.81022 (10)	0.0319 (2)
H2	0.4754	−0.0511	0.8797	0.048*
O3	0.38409 (12)	0.13435 (8)	0.98001 (9)	0.02570 (19)
C1	−0.2814 (2)	0.36782 (14)	1.00825 (15)	0.0354 (3)
H1A	−0.3839	0.3404	0.9395	0.053*
H1B	−0.3120	0.4504	1.0476	0.053*
H1C	−0.2659	0.3070	1.0880	0.053*
C2	−0.03785 (16)	0.27021 (11)	0.88181 (13)	0.0233 (2)
C3	0.25018 (18)	0.16615 (12)	0.73538 (13)	0.0279 (3)
H3A	0.1438	0.1134	0.6969	0.034*
H3B	0.3354	0.1794	0.6554	0.034*
C4	0.35645 (16)	0.09552 (11)	0.85644 (13)	0.0224 (2)

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U11	U22	U33	U12	U13	U23
S1	0.03072 (17)	0.02100 (15)	0.03800 (18)	0.00050 (12)	0.00457 (13)	0.00871 (12)
S2	0.03306 (17)	0.02151 (16)	0.03927 (19)	−0.00432 (12)	0.00377 (13)	0.00243 (12)
O1	0.0293 (5)	0.0230 (4)	0.0407 (5)	0.0011 (3)	0.0005 (4)	−0.0062 (4)
O2	0.0404 (5)	0.0291 (5)	0.0252 (4)	0.0120 (4)	−0.0050 (4)	−0.0049 (4)
O3	0.0264 (4)	0.0255 (4)	0.0248 (4)	0.0046 (3)	−0.0011 (3)	−0.0034 (3)
C1	0.0337 (7)	0.0385 (7)	0.0339 (7)	0.0061 (6)	0.0026 (6)	−0.0058 (6)
C2	0.0245 (6)	0.0223 (6)	0.0224 (5)	0.0007 (4)	−0.0060 (4)	0.0009 (4)
C3	0.0317 (6)	0.0281 (6)	0.0242 (6)	0.0041 (5)	0.0040 (5)	0.0041 (5)
C4	0.0195 (5)	0.0226 (5)	0.0254 (6)	−0.0001 (4)	0.0040 (4)	0.0005 (4)

Geometric parameters (Å, °)

S1—C2	1.7564 (13)	O3—C4	1.2150 (14)
S1—C3	1.7870 (13)	C1—H1A	0.9800
S2—C2	1.6253 (12)	C1—H1B	0.9800
O1—C2	1.3336 (15)	C1—H1C	0.9800
O1—C1	1.4451 (17)	C3—C4	1.5091 (16)
O2—C4	1.3159 (14)	C3—H3A	0.9900
O2—H2	0.8400	C3—H3B	0.9900
C2—S1—C3	101.69 (6)	S2—C2—S1	126.65 (7)
C2—O1—C1	117.76 (10)	C4—C3—S1	114.70 (9)
C4—O2—H2	109.5	C4—C3—H3A	108.6
O1—C1—H1A	109.5	S1—C3—H3A	108.6
O1—C1—H1B	109.5	C4—C3—H3B	108.6
H1A—C1—H1B	109.5	S1—C3—H3B	108.6
O1—C1—H1C	109.5	H3A—C3—H3B	107.6
H1A—C1—H1C	109.5	O3—C4—O2	124.23 (11)
H1B—C1—H1C	109.5	O3—C4—C3	124.58 (11)
O1—C2—S2	127.40 (10)	O2—C4—C3	111.18 (10)
O1—C2—S1	105.94 (8)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O2—H2···O3i	0.84	1.82	2.6540 (12)	175

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y, −z+2.