Figure 1. Theoretical framework guiding addition of variables to proportional hazards model.

(Italicized text = time varying covariate; plain text = time-fixed covariates). Participant pre-existing factors were entered into model first. Significant indicators were retained in subsequent steps; age, gender, and race were also retained for purposes of statistical control. Secondly, case management factors were entered into the model with the exception of the time-dependent covariate (jail sanctioning). Thirdly, the final model with time-dependent indicators for jail sanctioning was constructed. Finally, time itself was introduced as a time-dependent covariate to examine the interaction between first jail sanction x timing of first jail sanction.