Skip to main content
PMC home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1995 Feb 11;23(3):459–463. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.3.459

The genomic structure of the STAT genes: multiple exons in coincident sites in Stat1 and Stat2.

R Yan 1, S Qureshi 1, Z Zhong 1, Z Wen 1, J E Darnell Jr 1
PMCID: PMC306697  PMID: 7885841

Abstract

The genomic structure of Stat2 has been determined and compared with a large portion of the Stat1 gene. There are 24 exons in the Stat2 gene and a matching number in very similar positions in the Stat1 gene. Thus a very complicated genomic structure was presumably duplicated and has been closely maintained throughout evolution.

Full text

PDF
459

Images in this article

462Image
on p.462

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson S. K., Gibbs C. P., Tanaka A., Kung H. J., Fujita D. J. Human cellular src gene: nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of the region coding for the carboxy-terminal two-thirds of pp60c-src. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):1122–1129. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1122. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boisclair Y. R., Brown A. L., Casola S., Rechler M. M. Three clustered Sp1 sites are required for efficient transcription of the TATA-less promoter of the gene for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 from the rat. J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 25;268(33):24892–24901. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Darnell J. E., Jr, Kerr I. M., Stark G. R. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1415–1421. doi: 10.1126/science.8197455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dominski Z., Kole R. Selection of splice sites in pre-mRNAs with short internal exons. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Dec;11(12):6075–6083. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.12.6075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Fu X. Y., Schindler C., Improta T., Aebersold R., Darnell J. E., Jr The proteins of ISGF-3, the interferon alpha-induced transcriptional activator, define a gene family involved in signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7840–7843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Hawkins J. D. A survey on intron and exon lengths. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 11;16(21):9893–9908. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.21.9893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hocke G. M., Barry D., Fey G. H. Synergistic action of interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids is mediated by the interleukin-6 response element of the rat alpha 2 macroglobulin gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 May;12(5):2282–2294. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.5.2282. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Larner A. C., David M., Feldman G. M., Igarashi K., Hackett R. H., Webb D. S., Sweitzer S. M., Petricoin E. F., 3rd, Finbloom D. S. Tyrosine phosphorylation of DNA binding proteins by multiple cytokines. Science. 1993 Sep 24;261(5129):1730–1733. doi: 10.1126/science.8378773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Levy D. E., Kessler D. S., Pine R., Darnell J. E., Jr Cytoplasmic activation of ISGF3, the positive regulator of interferon-alpha-stimulated transcription, reconstituted in vitro. Genes Dev. 1989 Sep;3(9):1362–1371. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.9.1362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Levy D. E., Lew D. J., Decker T., Kessler D. S., Darnell J. E., Jr Synergistic interaction between interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma through induced synthesis of one subunit of the transcription factor ISGF3. EMBO J. 1990 Apr;9(4):1105–1111. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08216.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Pine R., Canova A., Schindler C. Tyrosine phosphorylated p91 binds to a single element in the ISGF2/IRF-1 promoter to mediate induction by IFN alpha and IFN gamma, and is likely to autoregulate the p91 gene. EMBO J. 1994 Jan 1;13(1):158–167. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06245.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Reich N., Evans B., Levy D., Fahey D., Knight E., Jr, Darnell J. E., Jr Interferon-induced transcription of a gene encoding a 15-kDa protein depends on an upstream enhancer element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(18):6394–6398. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.18.6394. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ruff-Jamison S., Chen K., Cohen S. Induction by EGF and interferon-gamma of tyrosine phosphorylated DNA binding proteins in mouse liver nuclei. Science. 1993 Sep 24;261(5129):1733–1736. doi: 10.1126/science.8378774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Sadowski H. B., Shuai K., Darnell J. E., Jr, Gilman M. Z. A common nuclear signal transduction pathway activated by growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science. 1993 Sep 24;261(5129):1739–1744. doi: 10.1126/science.8397445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Schindler C., Fu X. Y., Improta T., Aebersold R., Darnell J. E., Jr Proteins of transcription factor ISGF-3: one gene encodes the 91-and 84-kDa ISGF-3 proteins that are activated by interferon alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7836–7839. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7836. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Shuai K., Horvath C. M., Huang L. H., Qureshi S. A., Cowburn D., Darnell J. E., Jr Interferon activation of the transcription factor Stat91 involves dimerization through SH2-phosphotyrosyl peptide interactions. Cell. 1994 Mar 11;76(5):821–828. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90357-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Shuai K., Stark G. R., Kerr I. M., Darnell J. E., Jr A single phosphotyrosine residue of Stat91 required for gene activation by interferon-gamma. Science. 1993 Sep 24;261(5129):1744–1746. doi: 10.1126/science.7690989. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shuai K., Ziemiecki A., Wilks A. F., Harpur A. G., Sadowski H. B., Gilman M. Z., Darnell J. E. Polypeptide signalling to the nucleus through tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak and Stat proteins. Nature. 1993 Dec 9;366(6455):580–583. doi: 10.1038/366580a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Silvennoinen O., Schindler C., Schlessinger J., Levy D. E. Ras-independent growth factor signaling by transcription factor tyrosine phosphorylation. Science. 1993 Sep 24;261(5129):1736–1739. doi: 10.1126/science.8378775. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Tanaka A., Gibbs C. P., Arthur R. R., Anderson S. K., Kung H. J., Fujita D. J. DNA sequence encoding the amino-terminal region of the human c-src protein: implications of sequence divergence among src-type kinase oncogenes. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 May;7(5):1978–1983. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.5.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Veals S. A., Schindler C., Leonard D., Fu X. Y., Aebersold R., Darnell J. E., Jr, Levy D. E. Subunit of an alpha-interferon-responsive transcription factor is related to interferon regulatory factor and Myb families of DNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Aug;12(8):3315–3324. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Wagner B. J., Hayes T. E., Hoban C. J., Cochran B. H. The SIF binding element confers sis/PDGF inducibility onto the c-fos promoter. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(13):4477–4484. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07898.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wegenka U. M., Buschmann J., Lütticken C., Heinrich P. C., Horn F. Acute-phase response factor, a nuclear factor binding to acute-phase response elements, is rapidly activated by interleukin-6 at the posttranslational level. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jan;13(1):276–288. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.1.276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Zhong Z., Wen Z., Darnell J. E., Jr Stat3 and Stat4: members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 May 24;91(11):4806–4810. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Zhong Z., Wen Z., Darnell J. E., Jr Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science. 1994 Apr 1;264(5155):95–98. doi: 10.1126/science.8140422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES