Bacterial expression, purification, and model membrane reconstitution of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human APP binding protein LR11/SorLA for NMR studies

Abstract

LR11 (SorLA) is a recently identified neuronal protein that interacts with amyloid precursor protein (APP), a central player in the pathology of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Current estimates suggest that as many as 5.3 million Americans are living with AD. Recent investigations have uncovered the pathophysiological relevance of APP intracellular trafficking in AD. LR11 is of particular importance due to its role in regulating APP transport and processing. LR11 is a type I transmembrane protein and belongs to a novel family of Vps10p receptors. Using a new expression vector, pMTTH, (MBP- MCS1(multiple cloning site)-Thrombin protease cleavage site-MCS2-TEV protease cleavage site-MCS3-His₆), we successfully expressed, purified and reconstituted the LR11 transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic (CT) domains into bicelles and detergent micelles for NMR structural studies. This new construct allowed us to overcome several obstacles during sample preparation. MBP fused LR11 TM and LR11TMCT proteins are preferably expressed at high levels in E. coli membrane, making a refolding of the protein unnecessary. The C-terminal His-tag allows for easy separation of the target protein from the truncated products from the C-terminus, and provides a convenient route for screening detergents to produce high quality 2D ¹H-¹⁵N TROSY spectra. Thrombin protease cleavage is compatible with most of the commonly used detergents, including a direct cleavage at the E. coli membrane surface. This new MBP construct may provide an effective route for the preparation of small proteins with TM domains.

Introduction

LR11 (SorLA) is a recently identified neuronal protein that interacts with amyloid precursor protein (APP) [1-3]. The sequential hydrolysis of APP by β- and γ-Secretases produces 40/42-residue peptides called amyloid-β (Aβ) [4-7]. The accumulation of Aβ in the brain is closely associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a global cognitive decline involving memory, orientation, judgment and reasoning [8-13]. Due to increasing longevity, AD is becoming the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Current estimates suggest that as many as 5.3 million Americans are living with AD and projections are that more than $20 trillion will be spent on treatment costs over the next 40 years (http://www.alz.org). The relevance of LR11 in AD was first implicated in a study by Dodson et al. which indicated that the expression of LR11 is consistently low in the brains of patients suffering from sporadic AD [14, 15]. This was further substantiated by the association of variants in LR11 genes with AD [16]. In vitro, cell culture, knockout mouse models, and clinical investigations all support the concept that LR11 plays a crucial role in APP trafficking and is a key regulator of APP processing [14, 17, 18].

LR11/SorLA is a 250 kDa, highly conserved type-1 transmembrane protein that is predominately expressed in the neurons of the cortex and hippocampus, regions of the brain that are associated with memory. It contains a vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) homology domain, β-propeller and epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains, a cluster of 11 complement-type repeat domains, six fibronectin type III repeats, a single transmembrane domain (TM), and a cytoplasmic domain (CT) [19, 20]. LR11 regulates APP trafficking between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and early endosomes by sequestering APP in the TGN, and consequently reduces the amount of APP that can be processed to Aβ and other products in post-Golgi compartments and at the cell surface. LR11 also shuttles APP from early endosomes back to the TGN by interacting with cargo molecules such as GGAs and PACS-1, and further reduces the amount of APP in late endosomes where most Aβ peptides are produced [21-24]. These regulatory roles of LR11 require its proper location to the TGN, which is critically dependent on multiple motifs in its CT and the interactions of these motifs with adaptor proteins [22, 24]. Furthermore, the LR11 CT may directly interact with the C-termini of APP and β-secretase [18, 25], and regulate transcription after cleavage by γ-secretase [26, 27].

Little is known about the structures of the LR11 TM and CT domains alone or in complex with their biological partners. The preparation of proteins with TM domains in sufficient quantity for structural analysis is difficult [28]. One method to address this challenge is to express these proteins as fusion constructs with more soluble proteins such as maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin, or staph-nuclease [29]. MBP fused proteins, in particular for low molecular weight membrane proteins, express well and frequently appear in the membrane fraction [30]. However, when our laboratory expressed the LR11 TM and CT domains fused to MBP, we observed several products that correspond to truncated forms of the full-length construct degraded from the C-terminus. These “premature” products hampered protein purification. To resolve this problem, we prepared a new expression vector, pMTTH, MBP- MCS1(multiple cloning site)-Thrombin protease cleavage site-MCS2-TEV protease cleavage site-MCS3-His₆. This vector retained the high level expression of MBP, allowed for easy separation of the full-length proteins from “premature” products, and offered a convenient route for detergent optimization, a necessary step in sample preparation for NMR structural studies. High quality 2D ¹H-¹⁵N TROSY spectra have been obtained on the resulting recombinant proteins reconstituted in bicelles and detergent micelles and preliminary NMR chemical shift analysis supports the predicted secondary structure of the TM helix.

Material and Methods

Plasmid construction

The codon usage of an LR11 fragment including TM and CT domains was optimized and synthesized for E. coli expression. Plasmid pMTTH (supplemental Figure S1) was derived from plasmid pTBMBP (His₆-MCS1-MBP-TEV cleavage site-MCS2), provided by Dr. Cross’ lab [29]. Three clones were constructed by PCR (Figure 1): LR11 TM and CT domains (residues 2132 to 2214) insert into the SspI sites of the vector pTBMBP, LR11 TM domain (residues 2132 to 2160) insert into the BamHI/HindIII sites of the vector pMTTH, and LR11 TM and CT domains insert into the BamHI/HindIII sites of the vector pMTTH. All selected clones were verified by DNA sequencing.

Figure 1.

Schematic representations of the expression constructs used in this study. MBP: maltose binding protein; LBT: lanthanide binding tag (YIDTNNDGWYEGDELLA) [36]; TEV: TEV protease cleavage site; Thrombin: thrombin protease cleavage site; TM: transmembrane domain; CT: cytoplasmic domain. In this study, the LR11 TM construct includes residues 2132 to 2160 and the LR11-TMCT construct includes residues 2132 to 2214.

Expression of His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT, MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ and MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆

Each recombinant plasmid, pTBMBP-LBT-LR11TMCT, pMTTH-LBT-LR11TM, or pMTTH-LBT-LR11TMCT, was separately introduced into E. coli BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) RIPL competent cells (Stratagene) for protein expression. Cells were grown in 1 to 2 mL LB medium overnight and then inoculated in 250 to 320 mL of LB medium for production of unlabeled proteins or M9 medium (3 g/L KH₂PO₄, 6 g/L Na₂HPO₄, 0.5 g/L NaCl, 0.2 mM MgSO₄, 7 mg/L (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6H₂O, and 0.01 mg/L thiamine hydrochloride) supplemented with D-glucose (or D-glucose-¹³C₆) (4 g/L) and ¹⁵NH₄Cl (1 g/L) for ¹⁵N (or ¹⁵N/¹³C) labeled samples. Cells were induced at A_600nm 0.6-0.9 with 2 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 16 °C for ~27 hours. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and stored at −80 °C until use.

Purification of MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆, MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ and His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT

For purification of MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ and MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆, cells were incubated on ice for 20 min and then resuspended in a lysis buffer consisting of 20 mM Tris·HCl, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, pH 8.0, 0.5 mM PMSF (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride), protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma), lysozyme (30 mg/L, Fisher) and benzonase nuclease (250 units/L, Novagen). The sample was incubated at ~10 °C for another 20 min and subsequently sonicated on ice for a total of 6 min with 3s on and 7s off. The cell lysate was centrifuged at ~30,000g for 30 min. The insolubles were discarded and the supernatant either was mixed with a stock solution of DPC to a final concentration of 1% DPC (referred to below as the low speed supernatant fraction, which includes the soluble fraction and membrane fraction), or further centrifuged at ~160,000g for 1 hour to obtain the membrane pellet. Proteins in the pellet were extracted with a wash buffer of 20 mM Tris·HCl, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, pH 8.0 containing 2% DPC for 1 hour (referred to below as the membrane fraction). DPC extraction of the low speed supernatant fraction (or membrane fraction) was loaded onto a column containing 3 or 5 mL Ni-NTA resin, respectively. After washing with 100 mL wash buffer containing 0.15% DPC, the LR11 fusion protein was eluted with a buffer consisting of 20 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, pH 8.0 and 0.2% DPC. Unless specified, proteins prepared from the low speed supernatant fraction were used in this study.

For the purification of His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT, the experimental steps were similar to the procedures described above except a buffer containing 1% Triton X-100 instead of 1% DPC was used to extract proteins, and the wash and elution buffers contained 0.1% Triton X-100 instead of DPC. In addition, the elute from a Ni-NTA column was further purified with an amylose column and eluted with a buffer of 20 mM Tris·HCl, 200 mM NaCl, 10 mM maltose, pH 7.4 and 0.1% Triton X-100.

Enzymatic cleavage and detergent optimization of MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆, MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ and His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT

The eluted protein of MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ or MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ was first dialyzed against a buffer of 140 mM NaCl, 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.3, 3 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.05% DPC for ~24 hours at 4 °C with 3,500 Da Spectra/Por dialysis tubing. The MBP fusion protein was then digested with ~15 units of thrombin (GE Healthcare, 27-0846-01) per mg of sample for 1 to 2 days at room temperature with slow rotation. After the enzymatic cleavage of MBP, the sample was loaded onto a Ni-NTA column. The column was washed with ~20 bed volumes of lysis buffer containing either 0.1% DPC, 0.1% LDAO, 0.1% DDM, 0.15% LMPG, or 1% bicelles ([DMPC]/[DHPC]=0.25). The target protein (LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ or LBT-LR11TM-His₆) was eluted with the elution buffer containing 0.2% DPC, 0.3% LDAO, 0.2% DDM, 0.2% LMPG, or 2% bicelles. These samples were exchanged into an NMR buffer of 20 mM phosphate, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0 and one of the above detergents with 3,500 Da Spectra/Por dialysis tubing and concentrated to 500 μL with an Amicon Ultra-15 (MWCO = 3000 Da). Additional detergent was added to each sample to adjust its final concentration to 3.2% LADO, 1.3% LMPG, 4.5% DPC or 10% bicelles, respectively. The purity of these samples was assessed by SDS-PAGE.

The eluted protein of His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT from the amylose column was digested with ~0.3 mg of His-tagged TEV protease per mg of fusion protein at room temperature for ~6 hours in 50 mM Tris·HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, 100 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Triton X-100. After enzymatic cleavage, the solution was re-passed over a Ni-NTA column, and the target protein, LBT-LR11TMCT, was collected in the flow-through.

NMR spectroscopy

All NMR spectra were recorded at 37 °C. Experiments for backbone resonance assignment of LBT-LR11TM-His₆ were collected on a sample of ~1 mM ¹⁵N,¹³C labeled protein in 4.5% DPC solution on a Bruker 600 MHz instrument unless otherwise specified. TROSY-HNCA, TROSY-HNCA-intra [31], TROSY-HNCACB and CBCA(CO)NH data were acquired with t_1,max of 5.7 to 6.6 ms (¹³C), t_2,max of 14 to 22 ms (¹⁵N), t_3,max of 107 ms (¹H), 24 to 48 scans per increment and a 1.5 s recycle delay. 3D ¹⁵N-edited NOESY data was collected on a Bruker 850 MHz spectrometer with t_1,max of 8.6 ms (¹H), t_2,max of 8.7 ms (¹⁵N), t_3,max of 75 ms (¹H), 80 ms mixing time, 16 scans per increment and a 1.5 s recycle delay. NMR data were processed with NMRPipe and analyzed using Sparky software. Processing scripts were optimized for each dataset, but typically each FID was apodized with a shifted sine-bell function, and zero-filled in all dimensions. Linear prediction was implemented to double the data size in the t₂ dimension to improve the spectral resolution. Sequential connectivities were established by TROSY-HNCA and TROSY-HNCACB experiments, which provided intraresidue and sequential cross-peaks of C_α and C_α/C_β, respectively (refer to Figure S3 for examples of strip plots). The symmetric H^N-H^N NOEs were used to resolve and validate the connectivity when available. The chemical shifts of C^α, C^β, N, and C’ were used to predict backbone torsion angles by TALOS [32]. The assignment data have been deposited in the BioMagResBank (BMRB accession code: 17444).

Results and Discussion

Sequence conservation of the LR11 TM and CT domains

The primary sequences of LR11 TM and CT domains in mammals share > 95% identity [33]; thus we included homologs from more distant organisms for the alignment analysis (Figure 2). These proteins are highly conserved, pointing to their functional significance. The LR11 CT domain harbors multiple conserved motifs essential for its functions. The first region, F(A/V)(N/S)SHY, is similar to the internalization signal of coated pit receptors [20]. The second region, F(S/A)DD(V/E)P(L/M)(V/I)(I/V)A, is a GGA binding motif [23] [34]. In addition, an acid cluster (DDLGEDDED) in the CT domain has been shown to interact with the PACS-1 protein [24]. The proper location and activity of LR11 are dependent on functional interactions with GGA, PACS-1 and AP-1, adaptor proteins that mediate Golgi to endosome transports.

Figure 2.

Sequence alignments of LR11 TM and CT domains from various species including Homo sapiens (BAG63842), Canis familiaris (XP_536545), Gallus gallus (XP_001232946), Taeniopygia guttata (XP_002191173) and Nasonia vitripennis (NP_001123523) by ClustalW [45] and decorated using ESPript [46]. Strictly conserved residues have a red background, well conserved residues are in red, and residues conserved between species are in blue boxes.

Production of His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT

The expression of proteins with transmembrane domains is not straightforward. Since direct expression of a His-tagged LR11 TMCT construct was not successful, we used an MBP-fusion expression system. A His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT (Figure 1) construct was prepared with the pTBMBP plasmid. This construct includes a small lanthanide-binding peptide tag (LBT, YIDTNNDGWYEGDELLA) fused to the N-terminus of the LR11 TM domain. The LBT tag is known to express well and its binding of a paramagnetic ion with anisotropic magnetic susceptibility provides a means to align a protein in a magnetic field in ordr to obtain orientational information for NMR structural studies [35-37]. This fusion construct showed good expression. However, several proteins which have slightly smaller sizes than the targeted His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT were found in the final elute of the amylose column. In an SDS-PAGE gel (lane 2 of Figure 3), at least three additional bands right below the top band, which correspond to the targeted protein, were clearly visible. These impurities amount to >30 % of the total protein and are truncated forms of the full-length construct from the C-terminus since they are cleavable by the TEV protease (lane 3 of Figure 3). Extensive explorations of the expression conditions, such as reduction of the IPTG induction concentration from 2 to 0.05 mM, varying growth temperatures from 8 to 37 °C, elongating induction times from several hours to several days, and expression of the proteins in different E. coli strains, did not eliminate these “premature” products. These by-products complicated the purification process. The final purified sample showed two major bands on the SDS-PAGE gel (lane 4 of Figure 3) and produced an inhomogeneous NMR spectrum (data not shown). In addition, the yield of full-length protein was rather low (~1.5 mg product per liter culture).

Figure 3.

SDS-PAGE results for the purification of His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT. Lanes: 1, protein marker; 2, elute of His₆-MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT from amylose column; 3, TEV cleavage of the protein sample in lane 2; 4, flow-through of a Ni-NTA column for the sample in lane 3.

Production and detergent screens of MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ and MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆

To overcome the difficulties of protein purification associated with these “premature” products, we prepared a new construct, the pMTTH vector, from the vector PTBMBP, moving the His₆-tag from the N- to the C-terminus (Figure 1S). The MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ construct showed an increased level of expression and more importantly, the C-terminal His₆ tag allowed separation of the targeted protein from the “premature” by-products. A single step purification with the Ni-NTA column generated the pure protein (lane 2, Figure 4). Subsequent thrombin cleavage and passage back over the Ni-NTA column produced the LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ with a yield of ~5 mg per liter culture.

Figure 4.

SDS-PAGE results for the purification of MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆. Lanes: 1, protein marker; 2, elute of MBP-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ from a Ni-NTA column; 3, thrombin cleavage of the protein sample in lane 2; 4, elute from a Ni-NTA column for the sample in lane 3 with an elution buffer containing 0.2% DPC.

Membrane proteins are often reconstituted into detergent micelles for solution NMR studies, and screening for proper detergents is an essential step. Recent investigations highlight the importance of using detergent micelles to conserve the native structure of certain proteins [38-41]. It is widely accepted that a well-resolved NMR spectrum does not always represent the native conformation of the protein in its biological environment. Therefore, the selection of detergents should be guided by functional assays whenever possible. In the absence of such assays, it is becoming common practice to use a 2D ¹H-¹⁵N TROSY spectrum from bilayer model systems, such as bicelles and lipid-protein nanodiscs, as a reference in the selection of detergent mimics for structural studies [42, 43]. The extraction and purification of the LBT-LR11TM-His₆ protein (Figure 1) was used to explore several commonly used procedures and detergents for the following reasons. First, this protein is expressed at a high level (~20 mg per liter culture). Second, in comparison with LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆, the shorter construct of LBT-LR11TM-His₆ has fewer expected resonances and allows for easier identification of resonances from the LR11TM domain. The C-terminal His₆- tag also provided a convenient route for detergent optimization with a Ni-NTA column after removal of MBP. Figure 5 shows the SDS-PAGE gel results of LBT-LR11TM-His₆ eluted with 0.2% DPC, 0.3% LDAO, 0.2% LMPG, and 0.2% DDM (lanes 4 to 7, respectively). 2D ¹H-¹⁵N TROSY spectra from the purified protein reconstituted in bicelles and detergent micelles are shown in Figure 6. The TROSY spectrum of the protein in DPC micelles most resembles the spectrum from bicelles and displays typical chemical shift dispersion for a helical protein. The backbone torsion angles obtained by analyzing assigned chemical shifts of C^α, C^β, C’, and N using the TALOS program (listed in supplemental Table S1) are consistent with the expected helical structure of the TM domain. Subsequently, LBT-LR11TMCT was purified and reconstituted into DPC micelles and its TROSY spectrum is shown in Figure 7. The spectrum is well resolved and ~100 out of 113 expected resonances are observed, including 8 out of 9 Glys in the sequence. The amide proton of the N-terminal Gly, a remaining residue after thrombin cleavage, is likely not detected due to its fast exchange with water.

Figure 5.

SDS-PAGE results for the purification of MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆. Lanes: 1, protein marker; 2, elute of MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ from a Ni-NTA column; 3, thrombin cleavage of the protein sample in lane 2; 4 to 7, elutes of LBT-LR11TM-His₆ from Ni-NTA columns with an elution buffer containing 0.2% DPC, 0.3% LDAO, 0.2% LMPG, and 0.2% DDM, respectively.

Figure 6.

2D ¹H-¹⁵N TROSY spectra of ¹⁵N-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ protein in the NMR buffer containing (A) 3.2% LDAO, (B) 1.3% LMPG, (C) 4.5% DPC and (D) 10% bicelles ([DMPC]/[DHPC]=0.25). Spectra (A) and (B) were recorded on a Bruker 600 MHz spectrometer with t_1,max of 82 ms (¹⁵N), t_2,max of 107 ms (¹H) and 24 scans per increment. Spectrum (C) was recorded on a Bruker 850 MHz spectrometer with t_1,max of 97 ms (¹⁵N), t_2,max of 75 ms (¹H) and 4 scans per increment. Spectrum (D) was recorded on a Bruker 600 MHz spectrometer with t_1,max of 69 ms (¹⁵N), t_2,max of 95 ms (¹H) and 16 scans per increment. The protein concentrations for spectra (A) and (B) were ~0.5 mM, and for spectra (C) and (D) were ~1 mM.

Figure 7.

A 2D ¹H-¹⁵N TROSY spectrum of the ¹⁵N-LBT-LR11TMCT-His₆ (~0.5 mM) in the NMR buffer containing 4.5% DPC recorded on a Varian 900 MHz spectrometer with t_1,max of 85 ms (¹⁵N), t_2,max of 96 ms (¹H) and 4 scans per increment.

“In situ” thrombin cleavage of MBP fusion proteins at E. coli membranes

In the current study, thrombin cleavage of the MBP fusion proteins was successful in the presence of several commonly used detergents including 0.2% DPC, 0.3% LDAO, 0.2% LMPG and 0.2% DDM, although some difficulties were reported in previous publications [30]. The thrombin cleavage site in our constructs locates 22 residues preceding the first residue from LR11 (15 residues from the LBT tag); thus it may be easily accessible by the protease. Since most of the recombinant proteins were found in the membrane fraction in this study (Figure S3), we also tested the efficiency of thrombin cleavage at E. coli membranes. Membrane pellets prepared from high-speed centrifugation (~160,000g) of the low spin supernatant fraction were re-suspended in a phosphate buffer (lane 2 of Figure 8) and incubated with the thrombin protease for ~21 hours. As shown in an SDS-PAGE gel (lane 3 of Figure 8), >95% of the fusion protein was cleaved. Subsequently, DPC detergent was added to the solution to extract the target protein from the E. coli membrane and the solution was loaded onto a Ni-NTA column. MBP and other impurities were found in the flow-through (lane 4 of Figure 8). The target protein was eluted from the column after several washes (lane 5 of Figure 8), and its spectrum (Figure S5) is nearly identical to the one shown in Figure 6c. The successful “in situ” removal of MBP from the target protein at E. coli membrane surfaces provides an alternate solution for the separation of fusion protein in cases where the protease is not compatible with the detergent micelles or the cleavage site becomes inaccessible after membrane extraction.

Figure 8.

“In situ” thrombin cleavage of MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ at E. coli membrane surface. Lanes: 1, protein marker; 2, resuspension of MBP-LBT-LR11TM-His₆ membrane fraction; 3, thrombin cleavage of the protein sample in lane 2; 4: flow-through of the sample in lane 3 from a Ni-NTA column; 5: elute of the sample in lane 3 from a Ni-NTA column.

In summary, we have successfully prepared the LR11 TM and CT domains for NMR studies. Using an MBP fused construct with a His tag at the C-terminus, we overcame several obstacles related to sample preparation. The MBP fusion system dramatically increased protein yields and, moreover, the protein was expressed in the E. coli membrane. This is favorable since refolding of the protein is not necessary. The C-terminal His tag allowed easy separation of the target protein from the “premature” products and provided a convenient route for screening detergents. In addition, the thrombin protease cleavage is compatible with most of the commonly used detergents, including a direct cleavage at the E. coli membrane surface. The MBP fusion expression system appears to be an effective approach for the preparation of small proteins with TM domains [30, 44] and its unique advantage in expressing the target proteins in the membrane is particularly appealing, as demonstrated here.

Abbreviations used:

TM

transmembrane domain

CT

cytoplasmic domain

APP

amyloid precursor protein

AD

Alzheimer’s disease

MBP

Maltose binding protein

LBT

Lanthanide binding tag

DPC

dodecylphosphocholine

LDAO

lauryldimethylamine oxide

DDM

n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside

LMPG

lysomyristoyl-phosphotidyl-glycerol