Abstract
Objective: Survival benefit with adjuvant therapy was shown in patients with Stage III colorectal cancer (CRC). This study evaluates long-term (10-year) outcome in patients with CRC randomly assigned to adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin (5FU+LV) or 5-FU/Levamisole (5FU+LEV).
Methods: Between 1990 and 1995, 398 patients with curatively resected Stage II-III CRC were randomly assigned to adjuvant 5FU+LV or 5FU+LEV for 12 months.
Results: No difference was evident in 10-year relapse-free or overall survival between study groups. Grade III toxicity was similar between groups; however, neurotoxicity was significantly greater with 5FU+LEV (p=0.02) and gastrointestinal toxicity with 5FU+LV (p=0.03). Female patients treated with 5FU+LEV had improved overall survival.
Conclusions: Adjuvant treatment of CRC is still based on leucovorin modulated fluorouracil. The long-term follow-up results of this trial indicate that the adjuvant treatment of Stage II-III CRC with 5FU+LV or 5FU+LEV is equally effective. The finding of improved survival in female subjects treated with 5FU+LEV warrants further study to determine if Levamisole is a better modulator of 5-FU than Leucovorin in this patient subset.
Keywords: colorectal cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, levamisole, survival
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of death worldwide1. As the risk of disease-recurrence and cancer-specific mortality in patients with tumors invading the bowel wall or regional lymphatics is high, adjuvant therapies have been pursued as a means to improve survival2. The first evidence of a survival benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy was reported in the NSABP-C-01 study, the combination of semustine, vincristine and 5-fluorouracil (MOF) was shown to improve 5-year disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) as compared to adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG or no further treatment3. However, the DFS and OS benefit associated with adjuvant MOF chemotherapy disappeared after 10 years4. An early meta-analysis indicated a small OS benefit with adjuvant non-modulated 5FU indicating the need for further adjuvant therapy trials in AJCC Stage III CRC5. The addition of the antihelminthic agent, Levamisole (LEV), to 5FU was first evaluated in the context of a randomized clinical trial by the NCCTG6. In a three-arm clinical trial, the combination of 5FU+LEV administrated for 12 months was found to be superior to either surgery alone or surgery followed by LEV alone. 5-FU+LEV reduced the recurrence rate by 40% and the death rate by 33% in Dukes' C colon cancer. A subsequent trial (INT-0035) that randomized patients with Dukes'B2 and C colon cancer to surgery alone, or one year of adjuvant LEV or 5FU+LEV confirmed the efficacy of the 5FU and LEV combination in terms of improved DFS and OS. The results of this trial7-9, established adjuvant therapy for Stage III colon cancer as a standard of care by the National Cancer Institute consensus development panel10. The activity of leucovorin (LV)-modulated 5-FU in metastatic colon cancer led to the evaluation of this regimen in the adjuvant setting. The NSABP C-03 trial randomized patients with Dukes' B and C to adjuvant bolus 5FU-LV and the MOF combination11.
Treatment with LV-modulated 5FU resulted in a significant improvement in outcome over MOF. The International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) assessed over 1,400 patients with Stage II/III colon cancer randomized to 6 months of 5FU+LV or post-operative observation (IMPACT, 1995). Adjuvant 5FU+LV significantly improved DFS by 35% and reduced mortality by 22%. A later pooled analysis demonstrated a significant DFS and OS benefit of both LV and LEV-modulated 5FU adjuvant therapy in Stage II/III when compared to surgery alone across all patient subsets12. Several groups embarked on clinical trials comparing the two forms of 5FU- based adjuvant therapy12-22. A three-arm trial demonstrated that a short 6-month course, dose dense, three-drug regimen of 5FU+LV+LEV was superior to 5FU+LEV given for either 6 or 12 months17. NSABP C-04 compared three adjuvant treatment regimens, 5FU+LV and 5FU+LEV and 5FU+LV+LEV, finding similar efficacy with the two drug therapy and no incremental benefit to the three drug combination18. The INT 008921 and the adjCCA-0119,22 trials compared various dose intensities and durations of 5FU+LV to 5FU+LEV and suggested superiority of modulation with Leucovorin over Levamisole, at least for treatment lasting 6 months only. In the majority of these trials the reported follow-up is 5 years. Very few studies report a longer follow up of up to 10 years19. We report a long-term follow-up of a study comparing adjuvant 5FU+Levamisole to 5FU+Leucovorin for 12 months in Stage II and III CRC. The present clinical trial was designed in 1990 when the initial results of adjuvant clinical trials showing the benefit of 5FU+LEV were reported. The original aim of the study was to compare the two forms of adjuvant therapy evaluating RFS with secondary aims of evaluating OS and toxicity.
The aims of this report are to evaluate the long-term RFS and identify subgroups of patients that may benefit from either form of adjuvant therapy and might modify the current practice modulation of 5FU by Leucovorin in selected patients.
Patients and methods
The reporting of this clinical trial is in accordance with the CONSORT- consensus statement23.
Participants: A national prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted following approval by participating medical center Institutional Review Boards. Between 1990 and 1995, 398 patients with pathological AJCC Stage II-III colorectal cancer underwent complete (R0) resection at four cancer centers in Israel. These patients were then randomly assigned to receive either 5FU+LV (n=210) or 5FU+LEV (n=188) for 12 months. To be eligible patients underwent operation within 6 weeks of study entry, had Karnofsky Performance Status score > 85%, and were over the age of 18 years. Patients with recurrent disease, those who received prior chemotherapy or had prior malignancies, as well as patients with severe co-morbidities, residual or systemic disease were excluded. Patients with primary rectal cancer received adjuvant radiation therapy independent of their group allocation. Patients with rectal cancer who were treated with neaoadjuvant chemoradiation were excluded from the study. Twenty two patients were ineligible for this study (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Study flow chart.
Interventions: Patients were assigned randomly to receive either adjuvant 5FU+LEV (5FU 450 mg/m2 i.v. bolus daily from days 1 to 5, then from day 28, every other week at a dose of 900 mg/m2 i.v. bolus for 12 months + LEV 150mg orally from days 1 to 3, then from day 28, 150 mg orally for three consecutive days every two weeks for 12 months), or adjuvant 5FU+LV (5FU 375 mg/m2 i.v. bolus daily from days 1 to 5 + LV 200 mg/m2 i.v. as a 10 minute infusion before 5FU administration; then from day 28, 5FU 900 mg/m2 i.v. bolus + LV 100 mg/m2 i.v. over 10 minutes infusion before 5FU administration, every two weeks for 12 months). Toxicity was assessed at each chemotherapy session and scored according to WHO criteria.
Objectives: The principal aim of this trial was to determine if adjuvant 5FU+LV offered a statistically significant improvement in RFS. Secondary endpoints were OS and toxicity over adjuvant 5FU+LEV in the setting of completely resected CRC.
Outcome: Follow-up data was obtained from the four participating institutions. Patients alive without recent follow-up data were contacted and their disease status was updated. The clinical outcomes studied were loco-regional recurrence (LRR), distant recurrence (DR), relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Time to recurrence, and OS were calculated from the date of surgery. In defining DR, any distant recurrence following definitive surgery was considered.
Sample size: To achieve the probability of a Type I error at alpha = 0.05, a sample size of 400 subjects per group would have 80% power to detect a 10% absolute difference in 5-year RFS between the two treatment arms.
Randomization: Randomization was balanced between the two treatment arms stratified by gender (male vs. female), tumor location (colon vs. rectum), grade (low vs. high) and stage. Randomization was carried out with a stratified permuted block scheme using a separate randomization table for each participating study site. The allocation sequence was generated by the study biostatistician.
Statistical methods: The rate of recurrence or death was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and statistical differences in RFS or OS were calculated by the log rank test24.
Clinical and pathological covariates investigated in this study included: treatment arm, completion of therapy, age, gender, and ethnicity, disease stage, histological differentiation, tumor location (colon or rectum), family history of cancer, abnormal preoperative CEA, and body mass index (BMI). Clinicopathologic factors were correlated with study endpoints. Associations between categorical factors were studied with Fisher's exact test or Chi-squared test, as appropriate. Toxicity grades were compared with Wilcoxon, Mann-Witney Test for comparison of means. Univariate influence of prognostic factors on study endpoints was analyzed using a stratified log rank test25. Multivariate analysis based on Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to associate covariate to time-dependent endpoints adjusted for major prognostic stratifying variables26. The clinical and pathological data were processed using SPSS-10® (SPSS, Chicago IL). A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All P values are two sided.
Results
Patient characteristics
Between 1990 and 1995, 398 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 5FU+LEV (N=188) or 5FU+LV (N=210) (Figure 1, Study Flow). Baseline demographic data are reported in Table 1 demonstrating no significant imbalance between the two treatment groups. Median age was 63 years (range 24-76 years) with a slight male to female predominance. The majority of patients in the study were treated for adenocarcinoma of the colon (81%; rectum 19%). Two hundred forty-one (60.6%) patients successfully completed 12 months of either treatment protocol. There was no major difference in number of patients completing adjuvant therapy between the 5FU+LEV group (110/188, 58.5%) and the 5FU+LV group (131/210, 62.4%, p=0.15).
Table 1.
Patient and tumor characteristics.
| All patients (n=398) | 5FU-LEV (n=188) | 5FU-LV (n=210) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age | 63.0 | 61.8 | 61.3 | 0.31 |
| Minimum | 24.0 | |||
| Maximum | 76.0 | |||
| Gender | 0.66 | |||
| Male | 210 | 97 (52%) | 113 (54%) | |
| Female | 188 | 91 (48%) | 97 (46%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.39 | |||
| Ashkenazi | 252 | 112 (60%) | 140 (67%) | |
| Non-Ashkenazi | 131 | 67 (36%) | 64 (30%) | |
| Non-Jewish | 15 | 9 (4%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Anatomic location | 0.63 | |||
| Colon | 322 | 154 (82%) | 168 (80%) | |
| Rectum | 76 | 34 (18%) | 42 (20%) | |
| AJCC Stage | 1.00 | |||
| Stage II | 197 | 93 (50%) | 104 (50%) | |
| Stage III | 201 | 95 (50%) | 106 (50%) | |
| Histological grade (differentiation) | 0.22 | |||
| Well | 100 | 49 (26%) | 51 (24%) | |
| Moderately | 210 | 105 (56%) | 105 (50%) | |
| Poor | 44 | 16 (9%) | 28 (13%) | |
| Not-recorded | 17 (9%) | 27 (13%) | ||
| Performance status | ||||
| 0 | 351 | 169 (48.2%) | 182 (51.8%) | |
| 1 | 44 | 20 (45.5%) | 24 (54.5%) | |
| 2 | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7%) |
Treatment was not completed according to the study protocol in 157 patients (39.4%) mainly due to toxicity (13.4%), disease recurrence (9.5%) or protocol violation (16.3%).
Toxicity
The vast majority of the toxic events in both groups occurred between the 4th and the 9th month of therapy. Although the absolute number of toxic events were similar in both treatment groups, events of treatment discontinuation occurred earlier in the 5FU+LEV group (p=0.02). Adverse effects related to adjuvant systemic therapy differed significantly between the two treatment arms (Table 2). Increased frequency of Grade III-IV neurotoxicity was observed in the 5FU+LEV group (p=0.02) while Grade III-IV gastrointestinal toxicity predominated in the 5FU+LV group (p=0.03). Hematological toxicity was mild and no episode of febrile neutropenia occurred. There was no death potentially attributable to chemotherapeutic treatment. Despite the fact that there was no difference in the relative portion of patients who failed to complete the 12-month treatment protocol, only 71.7% of 5FU+LEV-treated patients received treatment for more than 6 months, compared to 80.9% of the 5FU+LV group, p=0.04. Age, gender, and ethnicity, disease stage, tumor location (colon or rectum), and body mass index (BMI) had no association with toxicity.
Table 2.
Grade 3-4 toxicity profile of the 2 study arms.
| 5FU-LEV (n=188) | 5FU-LV (n=210) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hematological grade 3-4 | |||
| Anemia | 2.0% | 2.0% | 0.67 |
| Neutropenia | 8.0% | 14% | 0.09 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 3.0% | 4.0% | 0.32 |
| Neurological grade 3-4 | |||
| Ataxia | 9.6% | 3.8% | 0.02 |
| Dizziness | 28.7% | 18.6% | 0.05 |
| Gastrointestinal grade 3-4 | |||
| Diarrhea | 0.0% | 2.0% | 0.03 |
| Nausea | 0.0% | 3.0% | 0.02 |
| Muco-cutaneous grade 3-4 | |||
| Stomatitis | 0.0% | 1.0% | 0.74 |
| Alopecia (partial) | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.26 |
Disease outcome: Relapse-free Survival
Actuarial (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis was performed in January 2004 with a median overall follow up time of 99 months for the entire group, and 138 months for the patients alive at time of last contact. Ten patients (2.5%) were lost to follow-up. Recurrence data was unavailable for 13 patients, leaving 385 patients for relapse-free analysis. There were 122 relapse events in the entire study group, 54 in the 5FU+LEV and 68 in the 5FU+LV group (p=0.59).
Distribution of recurrence (35 local-regional and 87 distant) by anatomic location for the entire study group is summarized in Table 3. There were 16 (13.1%) delayed (>5years) recurrence events, 9 in the 5FU+LEV and 7 in the 5FU+LV group. The latest recurrence occurred 113 months after randomization. Five- and ten-year RFS rates for the 5FU+LEV and 5FU+LV groups were similar, 72% and 61% versus 67% and 60% (p=0.88), respectively, and were not influenced by any clinical variable recorded.
Table 3.
Relapse by location.
| Locoregional: | 35 |
|---|---|
| Distant: | |
| Hepatic | 46 |
| Pulmonary | 22 |
| Peritoneal | 5 |
| Brain | 1 |
| Unspecified distant recurrence | 13 |
| Total | 122 |
Disease outcome: Overall Survival
Survival status at the time of analysis was available for all study patients (n=398); 156 died (5FU+LEV, n=74 vs. 5FU+LV, n=82). Five- and ten-year OS rates for the 5FU+LEV and 5FU+LV groups were similar, 75% and 53% versus 72% and 59%, respectively, and were not significantly different when analysis was confined only to those patients completing treatment (p=0.64).
Exploratory sub-group analysis found significantly better OS patients who completed more than 6 months of therapy versus those that did not, overall (p=0.002) and in each study group (5FU+LEV, p= 0.046; 5FU+LV, p=0.02: Figure 2 A, B, C).
Figure 2.
Overall survival as a function of protocol completion. Patients who completed 12 months of either treatment protocol had significantly better overall survival as compared to patients who discontinued their treatment before completion of at least 6 months of therapy. This survival difference was seen when all study patients (A) and for each of the study arms (B, C).
Gender-specific subset analysis identified a trend toward improved RFS and statistically significant improved OS for female patients (10-year OS: M vs. F = 53% vs. 64%; p=0.04, Figure 3a). This difference was evident only in the 5FU+LEV group (5FU+LEV: 10-year OS: M vs. F = 46% vs. 71%; p=0.04, Figure 3b).
Figure 3.
Survival as a function of gender. The overall survival of female patients was significantly better than that of male patients (A). Mean survival was 102.4 (95% C.I 95.1-109.7) and 113.7 (95% C.I 106.3-121.4) months for the male and the female groups respectively, log -rank p=0.04. In the 5FU+LEV group (n=188). The overall survival of female patients (n=91) was significantly better than the OS of male patients (n=97) in the 5FU+LEV group (B). Mean survival was 96.3.4 (95% C.I 86.0-106.6) and 119.9 (95% C.I 109.9-129.8) months for the male and the female groups respectively, log -rank p=0.04. In the 5FU+LV group (n=210). The overall survival of female patients (n=97) was no different than the OS of male patients (n=113) in the 5FU+LV group. Mean survival was 107.8 (95% C.I 98.3-117.4) and 107.2 (95% C.I 96.6-117.8) months for the male and the female groups respectively, log -rank p=0.10.
On a Cox stepwise regression multivariate analysis only AJCC Stage III emerged as an independent predictor of relapse-free and overall survival (RFS: RR=3.43 [95% CI 2.08-5.66], p=0.0001; OS: RR=1.5 [1.3-1.8], p=0.001).
Discussion
This ICOG trial was designed at a time when Levamisole-modulated 5-FU was standard adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive (Stage III) CRC. The principal aim of the study was to evaluate RFS with secondary aims of OS as well as toxicity evaluation in patients with Stage II/III CRC randomized to receive 12 months of Leucovorin (5FU+LV)- or Levamisole (5FU+LEV)-modulated 5FU following potentially curative resection. Both LV- and LEV- modulated 5FU in this study were well tolerated with no treatment-related mortality. Ten-year RFS and OS were similar between treatment groups, as was Grade III toxicity; however, neurotoxicity was significantly more likely with 5FU+LEV, and gastrointestinal toxicity with 5FU+LV. Female patients had significantly improved OS over male patients (10-year, 64% v. 53%, p=0.04), a benefit observed only in the 5FU+LEV treated arm.
The standard of care in adjuvant therapy for patients with resected AJCC Stage III colon cancer is 6 months of 5FU+LV with an estimated 33% reduction in the risk of disease recurrence27. Current practice guidelines for adjuvant treatment of Stage II CRC remain controversial28. Adjuvant 5FU+LV and 5FU+LEV were compared in three clinical trials17,18,21. In the Intergroup 0089 trial, there was no significant difference in RFS or OS between the 5 treatment arms. The NSABP CO-4 trial demonstrated improved RFS and OS for patients treated with 6 months of adjuvant 5FU+LV compared to 12 months of 5FU+LEV. The NCCTG 894651 trial showed that a three-drug regimen, 5-FU/LEV/LV for 6 months resulted in longer OS than 6 months of adjuvant 5-FU+LEV. However, 5-FU+LEV for 12 months were shown to be as effective as the three-drug regimen.
The results of our ICOG trial showed no difference in either 5-year or 10-year RFS or OS between 5FU+LEV and 5FU+LV; however, this trial did not have sufficient statistical power to detect small differences in outcome between the treatment arms, and it was not designed with sufficient power to determine treatment effect prospectively in specific patient subsets.
Present-day novel agents were not used routinely as salvage therapy during the course of this study. In our study, the 5-year OS rates were 85% and 63% for Stage II and III CRC, respectively, which are comparable to previously published reports20. Also, there was a trend towards improved RFS and significantly improved OS in female patients. Although in larger studies11,19 gender did not appear to influence outcome, in a retrospective analysis of 5-FU+LEV 12-month29 survival benefit was observed in female patients with right-sided microsatellite unstable tumors. The hypothesis-generating finding of improved long-term OS and a trend towards improved RFS in female patients treated with 5FU+LEV as compared to 5FU+LV in the current ICOG trial was not reported previously in prospective adjuvant trials. If this preliminary observation is verified in meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, then female patient sub-groups may indeed benefit from modulation of 5FU by Levamisole in the context of modern systemic therapy regimens.
The toxicity profile differed somewhat between 5FU+LEV and 5FU+LV treatment groups. These findings are consistent with those of others21; however, it is important to note that patients in the 5FU+LEV group showed a tendency to earlier discontinuation of adjuvant therapy due to treatment-related toxicity. Despite the introduction of novel therapeutic agents for CRC, LV-modulated 5FU remains an essential part of existing multi-agent adjuvant treatment protocols30.
Since the completion of the current study, the addition of Oxaliplatin to 5FU+LV evaluated in the MOSAIC trial31 was found to prolong event-free survival relative to 5FU+LV alone in Stage III CRC.
Despite advances in terms of progression-free survival for targeted therapy in advanced (Stage IV) CRC, LV-modulated 5FU with or without Oxaliplatin remains a modern-day standard adjuvant therapy in non-metastatic, node-positive CRC. Considering the findings of the current ICOG Trial, 5FU+LEV may remain a viable option in selected groups of CRC patients. The fact that 13% of CRC recurrences developed after >5 years of follow-up, provides key insight into the natural history of the disease and further underscores the importance of long-term follow-up of patients with CRC.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mrs. Tamar Hamburger for excellent work as database manager and study coordinator.
This work was supported in part by the Israel Cancer Association (special grant).
References
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