Primary Hepatosplenic Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Abstract

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common form of lymphoma. It usually begins in the lymph nodes; up to 40% may have an extranodal presentation. According to a definition of primary extranodal lymphoma with presentation only in extranodal sites, there are reports of large B-cell lymphomas limited to liver or spleen as separate entities, and to date there have been only three documented cases of primary hepatosplenic presentation. This paper reports a fourth case. Due to a review of the literature and the clinical course of the case reported, we conclude that primary hepatosplenic large B-cell lymphoma has been found predominantly in females older than 60 years. The patients reported had <2 months of evolution prior to diagnosis, prominent B symptoms, splenomegaly in three and hepatomegaly in two, none with lymph node involvement. All had thrombocytopenia and abnormal liver function tests; three had anemia and elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase levels, two with hemophagocytosis in bone marrow. Because of the previously mentioned data, it can be stated that primary hepatosplenic lymphoma is an uncommon and aggressive form of disease that requires immediate recognition and treatment.

Introduction

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases. Their ontogeny is related with the process of maturation in the lymphoid nodal tissue. Thus, their clinical manifestations generally begin in nodal areas, but in up to 40% presentation can be primarily extranodal, and clinical behavior may be variable according to the organs and tissues initially involved, sometimes rendering their diagnosis difficult [1, 2].

Primary hepatosplenic presentation has been reported among extranodal forms of NHL; a rare entity, its presence is limited to case reports, the majority of T-cell origin [3]. To date, only three cases of primary hepatosplenic large B-cell lymphoma have been reported, two of these associated with hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) in bone marrow (BM) [4, 5, 6].

We report a new patient with primary hepatosplenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as well as HS in BM. Due to the rarity of the condition, its morphologic and phenotypic characteristics, but principally because of the particularly severe clinical manifestations of this case and the patients previously reported, we consider it of interest to review the information regarding all these patients.

Case Report

A female, 67 years of age, was diagnosed due to anemia in May 2004 with refractory anemia with multilineage dysplasia, and received treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12. In July 2004 the patient complained of night fever up to 104.0°F, night sweats, and a 13.23 lb weight loss, and received antimicrobial therapy without improvement. In August 2004 she was hospitalized for fever of unknown origin.

At physical examination, she was conscious, cooperative, and with important wasting. Her weight was 116.85 lb, height 5.1181 ft, blood pressure 105/70 mm Hg, pulse 80/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and temperature 101.3°F. It is important to mention that the patient presented no adenomegalies, visceromegalies, bone pain, purpura, bleeding, or infectious source.

The laboratory reported the following: hemoglobin (Hb) 11.9 g/dl; hematocrit (Ht) 34%; mean corpuscular volume 108 fl; mean corpuscular Hb 34.5 pg; leukocytes 9.2 × 10⁹/l, with neutrophils 7.0 × 10⁹/l and lymphocytes 0.6 × 10⁹/l; platelets 74 × 10⁹/l; erythrocyte sedimentation rate 52 mm/h; blood glucose 118 mg/dl; urea nitrogen 18 mg/dl; creatinine 0.9 mg/dl; Na 129 mEq/l, K 4.0 mEq/l; Cl 100 mEq/l; total protein 5.2 g/l, with albumin 2.9 g/l and globulin 2.3 g/l. In addition, ALT was 139 IU/l, AST 91 IU/l, and alkaline phosphatase 304 IU/l, lactic dehydrogenase 1,089 IU/l (normal range 101–208 IU/l), and β-2 microglobulin 5,825 ng/dl (normal range 700- 3,400 ng/dl).

Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed hepatosplenomegaly and thorax was normal, both without evidence of adenopathies. Gallium⁶⁷ scan confirmed visceral enlargement but found no lymph node enlargement or focal uptake in liver, spleen, lymph nodes or other sites. Cultures at different sites were negative, as well as the serological test for hepatitis B and C, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency, and Epstein-Barr virus. Febrile reactions and VDRL tests were negative. BM aspiration and biopsy showed hemophagocytosis of erythrocytes and platelets (fig. 1) and myelodysplastic syndrome abnormalities.

Fig. 1.

Bone marrow aspiration. Macrophage with phagocytosis of erythrocytes and platelets (hemophagocytosis).

The patient deteriorated rapidly, and within a few days experienced severe falls in Hb to 8.4 g/dl, Ht to 27%, and platelets to 29 × 10⁹/l. Therefore, an exploratory laparotomy was performed on September 3, 2004, finding hepatosplenomegaly but no evidence of adenomegalies; splenectomy and wedge liver biopsies were conducted. The spleen weighed 1.82 lb, and like the liver biopsy was infiltrated by large lymphoma cells, CD20 positive, with focal positivity for BCL-2 and Ki-67 in 60% of cells.

Postoperatively, the patient developed Escherichia coli-associated gastroenteritis and at the same time basal pneumonia in left lung with blood cultures positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci. She received antimicrobial therapy with rapid improvement of her clinical condition, allowing us to begin chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide-mitoxantrone-vincristine-prednisone plus rituximab (CNOP-R) for a total of eight cycles. The patient showed remarkable improvement, and from the third cycle on, we observed a steady rise in Hb and Ht; leukocytes and platelets increased to normal levels, and lactic dehydrogenase and β-2 microglobulin decreased to normal values. Complete response was achieved and has been sustained until the date of this report. Positron emission tomography-CT scan carried out in July 2007 showed no evidence of disease.

Discussion

With regard to this review, one controversial issue comprises the definition of ‘extranodal lymphoma’. While some authors consider this diagnosis only when a complete set of studies demonstrates lymphoma activity in a single extranodal site, others describe that an ‘extranodal lymphoma’ can be considered when the main signs-and-symptoms-related component of the disease is localized in extranodal territory, although minimal nodal compromise coexists. Certain authors have also proposed that extranodal lymphoma can be considered when at least 75% of the disease is localized in an extranodal area. In this paper, we preferred the first concept [1].

Thus, according to the definition we chose, we found four cases of primary hepatosplenic DLBCL on reviewing the literature [8, 9, 10]; however, we rejected the case reported by Gil et al. because in addition to hepatosplenic infiltration, the patient had lymphoma in BM and bones [7]. The remanining three cases reviewed [4, 5, 6] only presented hepatosplenic infiltration (table 1).

Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory findings in four patients with primary hepatosplenic large B-cell lymphoma

Clinical case	1	2	3	Present case
Gender	F	F	M	F
Age, years	74	41	75	67
Evolution, months	2	1	2	2
B symptoms	+	+	+	+
Splenomegaly	+	+	–	+
Hepatomegaly	+	–	–	+
Adenomegalies	–	–	–	–
Blood cell cytology
Hemoglobin, g/dl	9.8	7.1	14.1	8.4
Leukocytes, × 109/1	4.5	6.1	8.7	4.9
Platelets, × 109/1	70	4	81	29
Liver function test
AST, IU/dl	80	163	134	91
ALT, IU/dl	115	42	64	139
AP, IU/dl	324	575	2,502	304
GGT, IU/dl	420	NA	482	400
LDH, IU/1	NA	1,948	1,805	1,089
β-2 microglobulin, ng/ml	NA	3.5	NA	5,825
Viral serology
HCV	+	–	+	–
HBV	–	–	–	–
CMV	–	–	–	–
HIV	–	–	–	–
EBV	–	–	–	–
Febrile reactions	NA	NA	NA	–

F = Female; M = male; + − present; – = absent; NA = not available; LDH = lactic dehydrogenase; HCV = hepatitis C virus; HBV = hepatitis B virus; CMV = cytomegalovirus; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; EBV = Epstein-Barr virus.

As we previously mentioned, NHL primarily affect lymphoid node tissue; nonetheless, between 24 and 37% can have primary extranodal manifestations. The most frequently affected extranodal sites include the following: gastrointestinal tract (mainly stomach), 24%; Waldeyer's ring, 19%; soft tissues, 19%; testis, 4%; skin, 3.8%; bone, 3.7% [1, 2].

Although there are several reports of cases of hepatic or splenic primary lymphomas as separate entities, primary hepatosplenic lymphomas represent a rare entity, and the majority of cases reported have been of T-cell origin, especially the γ/δ subtype [3], although the presentation of primary hepatosplenic DLBCL is limited to the four cases analyzed in this paper (tables 1 and 2) [4, 5, 6], including our own case. Considering the small number of patients, it is not possible to establish definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, this review allows us to underscore their principal characteristics, such as limited disease localization and the severe clinical manifestations of this rare hepatosplenic tumor. These manifestations included that three of the four patients were >60 years of age and three were females. All cases had B symptoms and none had lymph node or other sites of involvement. Three patients had splenomegaly and only two liver enlargement, although all cases had liver function tests abnormalities. The CT and gallium scans showed hepatosplenomegaly in two and isolated splenomegaly in one patient, with focal lesions in patient 1 (table 2). All patients had thrombocytopenia, and three had anemia, these cytopenias being related with lymphoma, splenomegaly, and in two cases with HS.

Table 2.

Imaging and histopathologic studies and treatment

Case	1	2	3	Present case
Computed tomography	liver: 4 nodes	–	hepatomegaly	hepatomegaly
	spleen: 1 node ascitis	splenomegaly/ infarction	splenomegaly	splenomegaly
Gallium67	liver and spleen positive	ND	ND	negative
Bone marrow	negative	HS	negative	HS
Immunohistologic findings	liver biopsy: LBCL, cirrhosis	splenectomy and liver biopsy: LBCL	liver and splenic biopsy: LBCL	splenectomy and liver biopsy: LBCL
Treatment	chemotherapy 1 cycle	chemotherapy 6 cycles	no	chemotherapy 8 cycles
Liver status	fulminant death	alive	death caused by fulminant hepatitis	alive

ND = Not done; HS = hemophagocytosis; LBCL = large B-cell lymphoma.

The disease's clinical course was rapid and aggressive; in two cases, it was fatal in a short period of time. It is noteworthy that our patient had a rapid clinical deterioration with fever, visceromegalies, and a dramatic fall in the pre-existing cytopenias within a few days (table 1) as evidence of disease severity.

The association of NHL with HS has been reported in those of T-cell origin; in relation with B-cell lymphomas, this association has been occasionally found in the subtypes T-cell-rich LBCL and angiotrophic lymphoma [8, 9]. Its pathogenesis has been attributed in some cases to the use of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, and in some others the release of some endogenous factor released by T-cells that stimulate macrophage proliferation and function has also been implicated [10, 11, 12]. In certain patients HS appears in relation to viral infections, but neither of the two patients with HS in this report (table 1) had evidence of such an infection type.

It is considered that increased frequency of lymphomas in general and hepatic or splenic LBCL is related to hepatitis C infection [8, 9]. Gil et al. reported a young patient with hepatitis C viral infection who developed an aggressive lymphoma with hepatic, splenic, nodal, bone, and BM infiltration with a fatal outcome within a few days [7]. Two of the cases analyzed (cases 1 and 3) (table 2) had a similar course and both had positive serology for hepatitis C virus. The exact mechanism responsible for the association between hepatitis C virus and such an aggressive lymphoma is partially unknown [6, 7].

Finally, only the two patients who received complete schemes of chemotherapy were able to survive (patients 2 and 4) to the acute phase of the lymphoma, with prolonged survival (table 2).

In conclusion, we report the fourth clearly documented case of primary hepatosplenic DLBCL associated with HS. According to the findings of the present review, it is evident that this rare entity tends to appear in females and in individuals of advanced age. It is characterized by severe signs and symptoms, rapid evolution of cytopenias (thrombocytopenia and anemia), abnormalities of liver function tests, and follows a rapid and aggressive, even fatal, clinical evolution.

Consequently, adequate treatment of this disease requires early histologic and immunophenotypic diagnosis. Thus, it is necessary to have this rare variety of lymphoma in mind in patients presenting the characteristics described herein.