Figure 3.
Stimulatory effects of catestatins on the production of cytokines and chemokines by mast cells. LAD2 cells (1 × 106 cells) were treated with the indicated concentrations of wild-type catestatin (WT), Gly364Ser (G364S), Pro370Leu (P370L) or Arg374Gln (R374Q), 10 μm scrambled catestatin (sCst), 5 μg/ml compound 48/80 (48/80), or diluent 0·01% acetic acid (Ctrl, control) for 6 hr, and the amounts of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3) and MIP-1β/CCL4 released into the culture supernatants were determined by an ELISA. Values were compared between stimulated and untreated cells (Ctrl, control). *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, #P < 0·001. Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three separate experiments.